Перевод: с английского на все языки

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Large Enterprise Company

Толкование Перевод

1 LEC

1) Биология: load-extension curve

2) Военный термин: Local Emergency Controls, local engineering change, low extraction of cargo

3) Техника: laser energy conversion, low-emitter concentration device

4) Юридический термин: Law Enforcement Center

5) Оптика: liquid encapsulated crystal

6) Телекоммуникации: Local Exchange Company, Оператор местной системы телефонной связи (Компания, владеющая или управляющая местной телефонной сетью и подключенными к ней пользовательскими каналами)

7) Университет: Lake Erie College

8) Электроника: Liquid Encapsulation Czochralski

9) Вычислительная техника: Layered Error Correction (CD), Local Exchange Carrier (FCC, LATA, IEC), LAN Emulation Client (LANE, ATM), Local Exchange Carrier (Telephony)

10) Биотехнология: Lymphatic endothelial cell

11) Фирменный знак: Landmark Education Corporation, Large Enterprise Company

12) Образование: Landmark Education Center

13) Сетевые технологии: LAN Emulation Client, владелец местной телефонной сети, клиент эмуляции локальной сети, местная телекоммуникационная компания, местная телефонная сеть

14) Научный термин: СИК, светоизлучающий конденсатор (Light Emitting Capacitor)

15) Расширение файла: Local Area Network Emulation Client, Local Exchange Carrier

16) Высокочастотная электроника: liquid encapsulated Czochralski

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > LEC
2 public

public ['pʌblɪk]

1 adjective

(a) (of, by the state → education, debt) public;

∎ built at public expense construit aux frais du contribuable;

∎ to hold public office avoir des fonctions officielles

(b) (open or accessible to all → place, meeting) public;

∎ was it a public trial? le public pouvait-il assister au procès?;

∎ let's talk somewhere less public allons discuter dans un endroit plus tranquille;

∎ these gardens are public property! ces jardins appartiennent à tout le monde!

(c) (of, by the people) public;

∎ the public interest or good le bien ou l'intérêt m public;

∎ in the public interest dans l'intérêt du public;

∎ public interest in the matter was flagging le public manifestait de moins en moins d'intérêt pour cette affaire;

∎ to make a public protest protester publiquement;

∎ the increase in crime is generating great public concern la montée de la criminalité inquiète sérieusement la population;

∎ to restore public confidence regagner la confiance de la population;

∎ to be in the British public or American public's eye être très en vue;

∎ to disappear from the British public or American public's eye tomber dans les oubliettes;

∎ a public outcry un tollé général;

∎ it created a public scandal ça a provoqué un scandale retentissant;

∎ public awareness of the problem has increased le public est plus sensible au problème maintenant;

∎ the bill has public support l'opinion publique est favorable au projet de loi

(d) (publicly known, open) public;

∎ to make sth public rendre qch public;

∎ to make a public appearance paraître en public;

∎ to go into public life se lancer dans les affaires publiques;

∎ she's active in public life elle prend une part active aux affaires publiques;

∎ the contrast between his public and his private life le contraste entre sa vie publique et sa vie privée;

∎ his first public statement sa première déclaration publique;

∎ he made a public denial of the rumours il a démenti publiquement les rumeurs, il a apporté un démenti public aux rumeurs;

∎ it's public knowledge that… il est de notoriété publique que…

2 adverb

∎ to go public (company) s'introduire en Bourse; (reveal information) tout dire ou raconter;

∎ the company is going public la société va être cotée en Bourse;

∎ to go public with the story raconter toute l'histoire

3 noun

public m;

∎ the (general) public le (grand) public;

∎ in public en public, publiquement;

∎ the public is or are tired of political scandals la population est lasse des scandales politiques;

∎ Finance to issue shares to the public placer des actions dans le public;

∎ her books reach a wide public ses livres touchent un public très large;

∎ the movie-going public les amateurs de ou les gens qui vont au cinéma;

∎ the viewing public les téléspectateurs;

∎ your public awaits or await you votre public vous attend

4 in public adverb

en public

►► American Television public access channel = chaîne du réseau câblé sur laquelle des particuliers peuvent diffuser leurs propres émissions;

American Television public access television = chaînes télévisées câblées non commerciales;

public affairs affaires fpl publiques;

American public assistance aide f sociale;

public authorities pouvoirs mpl publics;

British public bar salle f de bar (dans un "pub" qui contient deux bars séparés, l'expression désigne le plus populaire des deux);

public baths bains mpl publics;

British Politics public bill ≃ projet m de loi d'intérêt général;

public body corporation f de droit public;

British public call box cabine f (téléphonique) publique;

public company ≃ société f anonyme;

British public convenience toilettes fpl publiques;

British & French Canadian public corporation entreprise f publique;

Finance public debt dette f publique ou de l'État;

American Law public defender avocat m commis d'office;

Finance public deposits = avoirs des différents services du gouvernement britannique à la Banque d'Angleterre;

public domain domaine m public;

∎ to be in the public domain (publication) être dans le domaine public;

Computing public domain software logiciel m (du domaine) public, French Canadian publiciel m;

public enemy ennemi m public;

∎ public enemy number one ennemi m public numéro un;

Finance public enterprise (company) entreprise f publique;

public examination examen m national de l'enseignement public;

public expenditure dépenses fpl publiques;

public figure personnalité f très en vue;

public finance finances fpl publiques;

British public footpath sentier m public;

public funds fonds mpl publics;

public gallery tribune f réservée au public;

public health santé f publique;

the public health authorities = administration régionale des services publics de santé;

public health clinic centre m d'hygiène publique;

public health hazard risque m pour la santé publique;

old-fashioned public health inspector inspecteur(trice) m,f sanitaire;

public health official représentant(e) m,f de la santé publique;

public holiday jour m férié, fête f légale;

public house British (pub) pub m, bar m; American (inn) auberge f;

American public housing logements mpl sociaux, ≃ HLM f inv;

American Public Housing Administration = services du logement social aux États-Unis;

American public housing project ≃ cité f HLM;

Law public indecency outrage m public à la pudeur;

∎ to be arrested for public indecency se faire arrêter pour outrage public à la pudeur;

public inquiry enquête f officielle;

∎ to hold a public inquiry faire une enquête officielle;

British public lavatory toilettes fpl publiques;

public law droit m public;

public lending right = droits que touche un auteur ou un éditeur pour le prêt de ses livres en bibliothèque;

public liability responsabilité f civile;

public liability insurance assurance f responsabilité civile;

public library bibliothèque f municipale;

public limited company ≃ société f anonyme;

public loan emprunt m public;

public money deniers mpl ou fonds mpl publics;

public monies deniers mpl de l'État;

public nuisance (person) fléau m public, empoisonneur(euse) m,f;

∎ the pub's late opening hours were creating a public nuisance (act) les heures d'ouverture tardives du pub portaient atteinte à la tranquillité générale;

Stock Exchange public offering offre f publique;

public official fonctionnaire mf;

public opinion opinion f publique;

public opinion poll sondage m (d'opinion);

public ownership nationalisation f, étatisation f;

∎ most airports are under public ownership la plupart des aéroports appartiennent à l'État;

public park jardin m public;

Law public prosecutor ≃ procureur m général, ≃ ministère m public;

British the public purse le Trésor (public);

British Public Record Office ≃ Archives fpl nationales;

public relations relations fpl publiques;

∎ giving them a free meal was great public relations en leur offrant le repas, nous avons fait un excellent travail de relations publiques;

public relations agency, public relations consultancy agence f conseil en communication;

public relations consultant conseil m en relations publiques, conseil m en communication;

public relations exercise opération f de relations publiques;

∎ it was a good public relations exercise ce fut une réussite pour ce qui est des relations publiques;

public relations manager directeur(trice) m,f des relations publiques;

public relations officer responsable mf des relations publiques;

public room (in hotel, institution) salle f de réception; Scottish (in house) salon m;

public school (in UK) public school f, école f privée (prestigieuse); (in US) école f publique;

British public schoolboy = élève d'une "public school";

British public schoolgirl = élève d'une "public school";

public sector secteur m publique;

British Finance public sector borrowing requirement = besoins d'emprunt du secteur public non couverts par les rentrées fiscales;

Finance public sector deficit déficit m du secteur public;

Finance public sector earnings revenus mpl du secteur public;

public servant fonctionnaire mf;

public service (amenity) service m public ou d'intérêt général; British (civil service) fonction f publique;

∎ she's in public service elle est fonctionnaire;

∎ Administration our organization performs a public service notre association assure un service d'intérêt général;

Stock Exchange public share offer offre f publique de vente;

public speaker orateur(trice) m,f;

∎ he's a very good public speaker c'est un excellent orateur;

public speaking art m oratoire;

∎ humorous unaccustomed as I am to public speaking bien que je n'aie pas l'habitude de prendre la parole en public;

School public speaking contest concours m d'éloquence;

Finance public spending (UNCOUNT) dépenses fpl publiques ou de l'État;

public spirit sens m civique, civisme m;

American public television (télévision f du) service m public;

public transport (UNCOUNT) transports mpl en commun;

∎ he went by public transport (bus) il est allé en bus; (train) il est allé en train;

public transport users usagers mpl des transports en commun;

public utility American (company) = société privée assurant un service public et réglementée par une commission d'État; British (amenity) service m public;

British public utility company société f d'utilité publique;

public works travaux mpl publics

ⓘ PUBLIC ACCESS TELEVISION Aux États-Unis, on appelle "public access television" les chaînes télévisées câblées non commerciales mises à la disposition d'organisations à but non lucratif et des citoyens. En 1984, le Congrès adopta le "Cable Communications Policy Act" afin de faire face au problème de la monopolisation des chaînes par un nombre réduit de cablo-opérateurs. Cette loi exige des propriétaires de chaînes câblées qu'ils mettent une chaîne à la disposition des communautés locales ainsi qu'un studio et du matériel d'enregistrement, et qu'ils fournissent également une assistance technique si nécessaire.

ⓘ PUBLIC SCHOOL En Angleterre et au pays de Galles, le terme "public school" désigne une école privée de type traditionnel. Certaines de ces écoles (Eton et Harrow, par exemple) sont très prestigieuses et élitistes. Les "public schools" sont censées former l'élite de la nation. Aux États-Unis et parfois en Écosse, le terme désigne une école publique.

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > public
3 amalgamate

amalgamate

A vtr

1 ( merge) fusionner [companies, parties, posts, schools] (with avec ; into en) ; they amalgamated several companies into one large enterprise ils ont fusionné plusieurs sociétés en une seule grande entreprise ;

2 Miner amalgamer (with à) ;

3 ( blend) mélanger [styles].

B vi

1 [company, party, trade union, school] fusionner (with avec) ;

2 Miner s'amalgamer (with à).

C amalgamated pp adj [school, association, trade union] unifié.

Big English-French dictionary > amalgamate
4 CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE

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   ■ TRAVEL AND TOURIST GUIDES ON PORTUGAL

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   ■. Algarve: A Portrait and Guide. New York: Scribners, 1973.

   ■ HISTORY OF PORTUGAL Ancient and Medieval (2000 BCE-1415 CE)

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   ■ Herculano, Alexandre. História de Portugal, 8 vols., 9th ed. Lisbon, 1940.

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   ■ Russell, P. E. The English Intervention in Spain and Portugal in the Time of Edward III and Richard II. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1955.

   ■ Savory, H. N. Spain and Portugal: The Prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1968.

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   ■ Imperial and Early Modern (1415-1822)

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   ■ Borges de Macedo, Jorge. Problemas de História de Indústria Portuguesa no Século X VIII. Lisbon, 1963.

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   ■ Bovill, Edward W. The Battle of the Alcazar: An Account of the Defeat of Dom Sebastian at El-Ksar el-Kebir. London, 1952.

   ■ Boxer, C. R. Four Centuries of Portuguese Expansion, 1415-1825: A Succinct Survey. Johannesburg, South Africa: Witwaterstrand University Press, 1961.

   ■. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire 1415-1825. London: Hutchinson, 1969.

   ■. João de Barros: Portuguese Humanist and Historian of Asia. New Delhi, India: Xavier Centre, 1981.

   ■ Cheke, Marcus. Dictator of Portugal: A Life of the Marquis of Pombal, 16991782. London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1938.

   ■ Cunha, Luís da. Testamento Político. Lisbon, 1820.

   ■ Davidson, Lillias C. Catherine of Bragança. London: John Murray, 1908.

   ■ Dutra, Francis A. "Membership in the Order of Christ in the Seventeenth Century." The Americas 27 (1970): 3-25.

   ■ Eberlein, H. D., and R. W. Ramsdell. The Practical Book of Italian, Spanish and Portuguese Furniture. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1927.

   ■ Ericeira, Luís de Meneses [Count of]. História de Portugal Restaurado, 4 vols. Oporto, 1945.

   ■ Fisher, H. E. S. "Anglo-Portuguese Trade, 1700-70." Economic History Review XVI, 2 (1963): 219-33.

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   ■ Maxwell, Kenneth. "Pombal and the Nationalization of the Luso-Brazilian Economy." Hispanic American Historical Review XLVIII (November 1968): 608-31.

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   ■, and René Pélissier. Angola. New York: Praeger and London: Pall Mall, 1971; reprinted: Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1977.

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   ■ World War II and Portugal

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   ■. O Espiao Alemao Em Goa. Operacao Long Shanks, 1943. Lisbon, 2001.

   ■ Beevor, J. G. SOE. Recollections and Reflections 1940-45. London, 1981. Bloch, Michael. Operation Willi: The Plot to Kidnap the Duke of Windsor July 1940. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1984. Carrilho, Maria et. al., Portugal Na Segunda Guerra Mundial. Contributos para uma reavaliacao. Lisbon: Dom Quixote, 1989. Cole, Robert. Britain and the War of Words in Neutral Europe, 1939-45. New York: St. Martin's, 1990. Colvin, Ian. Flight 777. London: Evans, 1957. Dias, Mariana Tavares. Lisboa nos Anos 40. Lisbon: Quimera, 1997. Eizenstadt, Stuart E. Coord. U.S. and Allied Efforts to Recover and Restore Gold and Other Assets Stolen or Hidden by Germany during World War II. New York, 2001.

   ■ Fralon, Jose-Alain. A Good Man in Evil Times. The Story of Aristides De Sousa Mendes: The Man Who Saved the Lives of Countless Refugees in World War II. New York: Carroll & Graf, 2001.

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   ■ Johns, Philip. Within Two Cloaks. Missions With SIS and SOE. London, 1979.

   ■ Koestler, Arthur. Arrival and Departure. London, 1943.

   ■ Leitz, Christian. Sympathy for the Devil: Neutral Portugal and Nazi Germany in World War II. New York, 2001.

   ■ Louca, Antonio. Hitler e Salazar. Comercio em tempos de Guerra 1940-1944. Lisbon, 2000.

   ■ Luca, Antonio. "Portugal's Double Game: Between the Nazis and the Allies." In Avi Beker, ed., The Plunder of Jewish Property during the Holocaust. Confronting European History. New York, 2001. MacIntyre, Ben. Agent Zigzag. New York: Harmony, 2007. Martins, Maria Joao. O Paraiso Triste. O Quotidiano em Lisboa durante a II Grande Guerra. Lisbon: Vega, 1994. Masterman, J.C. The Double-Cross System in the War of 1939 to 1945. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1972. Muggeridge, Malcolm. Chronicles of Wasted Time. Chronicle 2: The Infernal Grove. New York: William Morrow, 1974.

   ■ Nery, Julia. O Consul. Lisbon: Dom Quixote, 1991.

   ■ Pimentel, Irene Flunser. Judeus em Portugal na Segunda Guerra Mundial. Lisbon, 2006.

   ■ Popov, Dusko. Spy/ Counterspy. London, 1974.

   ■ Prokosch, Frederick. The Conspirators. New York, 1943.

   ■ Remarque, Erich Maria. The Night in Lisbon. New York, 1966.

   ■ Ribeiro, Aquilino. Volfarmio Romance. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1943.

   ■ Rosas, Fernando. Portugal entre a Paz e a Guerra. Lisbon: Estampa, 1990.

   ■ Saint-Exupery, Antoine. Wartime Writings, 1939-1944. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1986.

   ■ Teixeira, Nuno Severiano, ed. Portugal E A Guerra. Historia das Intervencoes militares portuguesas nos grandes conflitos mundiais seculos XIX e XX. Lisbon: Colibri, 1998.

   ■ Telo, Antonio Jose. Propagandal E Guerra Secreta Em Portugal 1939-45. Lisbon, 1990.

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   ■ Vintras, R.E. The Portuguese Connection: The Secret History of the Azores Base. London: Bachman and Turner, 1974. Wheeler, Douglas L. "The Age Old Business of Espionage." 1987 World Book Year Book. Chicago, 1987.

   ■. "'In the Service of Order.' The Portuguese Political Police and the British, Germany and Spanish Intelligence [Services]." Journal of Contemporary History 36: no. 3 (Jan. 1983), 1-25.

   ■. "And Who is My Neighbor? A World War II Hero of Conscience for Portugal." Luso-Brazilian Review 23 (no. 2) (Summer 1989), 119-39.

   ■. "The Price of Neutrality: Portugal, the Wolfram Question, and World War II." Luso-Brazilian Review (Madison, WI), 23 (nos.1, 2) (Summer, 1986; Winter, 1986). 97-111; 108-127.

   ■. "Last of the Great Air Mysteries of the War [World War II]." Bridport and Lyme Regis Gazette (Dorset, U.K.), June 5, 2003, 24-25.

   ■. "Leslie Howard Helped Win World War II," St. Louis Post-Dispatch (St. Louis, Mo.), April 3, 5, 2005.

   ■ Wilson, Robert. A Small Death in Lisbon. London, 2000.

   ■. The Company Of Strangers. San Diego, 2002.

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   ■ The Military

   ■ Ferreira Martins, General. Historia do Exercito Portugues. Lisbon: Inquerito, 1945.

   ■ Kaulza de Arriaga, General. Guerra e Politica. Em nome da verdade. Os anos decisivos. Lisbon: Referendo, 1987.

   ■ Medeiros Ferreira, Jose. O Comportamento Politico dos Militares, Forcas Armadas e Regimes Politicos em Portugal no seculo XX. Lisbon: Estampa, 1992.

   ■ Pereira Marques, Fernando. Exercito e Sociedade em Portugal. No Declinio do Antigo Regime e advento do Liberalismo. Lisbon: Regra do Jogo, 1981.

   ■ Porch, Douglas. The Portuguese Armed Forces and the Revolution. London: Croom Helm, 1977.

   ■ Ribeiro Dos Santos, Antonio Pedro. O Estado E A Order Publica. As Institui-coes Militares Portuguesas. Lisbon: Instituto Superior De Ciencias Sociais E Politicas, 1999.

   ■ Saraiva de Carvalho, Otelo. Alvorada em Abril. Amadora (Portugal): Bertrand, 1977.

   ■ Selvagem, Carlos. Portugal Militar. Compendio de Historia Militar e Naval de Portugal. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional, 1931.

   ■ Spinola, Antonio de. Portugal e o Futuro. Lisbon: Arcadia, 1974.

   ■. Pais Sem Rumo. Contributo para a historia de uma Revolucao. Lisbon: Scire, 1978.

   ■ Teixeira, Nuno Severiano. Portugal e a Guerra. Historia das intervencoes militares portuguesas nos grandes conflitos mundiais do seculo XX. Lisbon: Ed. Colibri, 1999.

   ■. Coord., Nova Historia Militar de Portugal, 5 vols. Lisbon: Circulo de Leitores, 2003-.

   ■ Valente, Vasco Pulido. O Poder e o Povo. A Revolucao de 1910. Lisbon: Moraes, 1976, 1982.

   ■ Wheeler, Douglas L. Republican Portugal: A Political History ( 1910-1926). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978, 1998.

   ■. A Ditadura Militar Portuguesa ( 1926-1933). Mem Martins: Europa- America, 1988.

   ■. "The Military and the Portuguese Dictatorship, 1926-1974: "The Honor of the Army." In Lawrence S. Graham and Harry M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and Its Antecedents. 191-219. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.

   ■ Government and Politics since 1974

   ■ Aguiar, Joaquim. "Hidden Fluidity in an Ultra-Stable Party System." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-1984, 101-27. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Braga da Cruz, Manuel, ed. Sistema Eleitoral Portugües: Debate Político e Parlamentar. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional/ Casa da Moeda, 1998.

   ■, ed. "Portugal Político 25 Anos Depois." In Análise Social XXXV, 154/155 (Summer, 2000): 1-404.

   ■ Bruneau, Thomas C., and Alex Macleod. Politics in Contemporary Portugal: Parties and the Consolidation of Democracy. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1986.

   ■ Bruneau, Thomas C., ed. Political Parties and Democracy in Portugal. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1997. Carlucci, Frank. "Confiei no Povo Portugues." Visao (Lisbon), April 10, 1997, 46-47.

   ■. "The View from the U.S. Embassy." In Hans Binnendijk, ed., Authoritarian Regimes in Transition. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of State, Foreign Service Institute, Center for the Study of Foreign Affairs, 1987.

   ■ Coelho, Mário Baptista, ed. Portugal. O Sistema Política a Constitucional, 1974-87. Lisbon: Instituto de Ciências Sociais, UNL, 1989.

   ■ Costa Pinto, Antonio. "Settling Accounts with the Past in a Troubled Transition to Democracy: The Portuguese Case." In Alexandra Barahona De Brito, Carmen Gonzalez-Enriquez, and Paloma Aguilar, eds., The Politics of Memory: Transitional Justice in Democratizing Societies, 65-91. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.

   ■ Cruzeiro, Maria Manuela. Costa Gomes-o Ultimo Marechal. Lisbon: Edit. Noticias, 1998.

   ■ Domingos, Emídio Da Veiga. Portugal Político. Análise das Instituiçoes. Lisbon, 1989.

   ■ Goldey, David. "Elections and the Consolidation of Portuguese Democracy: 1974-1983." Electoral Studies 2, 3 (1983): 229-40.

   ■ Graham, Lawrence S. "Institutionalizing Democracy: Governance in Post-1974 Portugal." In Ali Farazmand, ed., Handbook of Comparative and Development Public Administration, 81-90. New York: Dekker, 1991.

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   ■ Gunther, Richard. "Spain and Portugal." In G. A. Dorfman and P. J. Duignan, eds., Politics in Western Europe, 186-236. Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1988.

   ■ Magone, José Maria. European Portugal: The Difficult Road to Sustainable Democracy. Basingstoke, U.K.: Macmillan, 1997.

   ■ Maxwell, Kenneth. The Making of Portuguese Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

   ■, ed. Portugal in the 1980s: Dilemmas of Democratic Consolidation. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Maxwell, Kenneth R., and Scott C. Monje, eds. Portugal: The Constitution and the Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-1989. New York: Camões Center, RIIC, Camões Center Special Report No. 2, Columbia University, 1991.

   ■ Opello, Walter C., Jr. "The New Parliament in Portugal." Legislative Studies Quarterly, 3 (May 1978): 309-334.

   ■. "Local Government and Political Culture in a Portuguese Rural County." Comparative Politics 13 (April 1981): 271-89.

   ■. "Portugal's Administrative Elite: Social Origins and Political Attitudes." West European Politics 6 (Jan. 1983): 63-74.

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   ■ Alves, Márcio Moreira. Les Soldats Socialistes du Portugal. Paris: Gallimard, 1975.

   ■ Antunes, José Freire. Sá Carneiro: Um Meteoro Nos Anos Setenta. Lisbon, 1982.

   ■. O Segredo do 25 de Novembro. Mem Martins, 1983.

   ■ Arouca, Manuel. Os Filhos Da Costa Do Sol. Mem Martins, 1989. Audibert, Pierre, and Daniel Brignon. Portugal: Les nouveaux centurions. Paris, 1974.

   ■ Baptista, Jacinto. Caminhos para uma revolução. Lisbon, 1975. Barreto, Antônio. Memórias da Reforma Agrária. Mem Martins: Europa-Amé-rica, 1983.

   ■, and C. V. Preto, eds. A Situação Social em Portugal, 1960-1996. Lisbon: Instituto de Ciências Sociais, 1996.

   ■ Bermeo, Nancy Gina. "Worker Management in Industry: Reconciling Representative Government and Industrial Democracy in a Polarized Society." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 181-98. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■. The Revolution within the Revolution: Workers' Control in Rural Portugal. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986.

   ■ Braeckman, Colette. Portugal: Revolution surveilée. Brussels: Rossei, 1975.

   ■ Braga da Cruz, Manuel. "O Presidente da República na génese e evolução do sistema de governor portugües." Análise social XXIX, 125-26 (1994): 237-65.

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   ■. "Portugal Fifteen Years after the April Revolution." Field Staff Reports ( 1989-90/ No. 1, Europe), 3-11. Indianapolis, Ind.: Universities Field Staff International, 1990.

   ■, and Alex Macleod. Politics in Contemporary Portugal: Parties and the Consolidation of Democracy. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1986.

   ■ Carvalho, Ortelo Saraiva de. Cinco Meses Mudaram Portugal. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■. Alvorada em Abril. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■ Cid, Augusto. PREC-Processo Revolucionário Eventualmente Chocante. Viseu, 1977.

   ■ Costa Lobo, Marina, and Pedro C. Magalhaes. "From 'Third Wave' to 'Third Way': Europe and the Portuguese Socialists (1975-1999)," Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans 3, no. 1 (2001), 25-35.

   ■ Costa Pinto, Antônio, ed. Modern Portugal. Palo Alto, Calif.: SPOSS, 1998.

   ■, and Nuno Severiano Teixeira, eds. Southern Europe and the Making of the European Union. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 2002.

   ■ Cunhal, Alvaro. A Revolução Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Dias, Eduardo Mayone. Portugal's Secret Jews: The End of an Era. Rumford, R.I.: Peregrinação Publications, 1999.

   ■ Downs, Charles. "Comissões de Moradores and Urban Struggles in Revolutionary Portugal." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 4 (1986): 267-94.

   ■. Revolution at the Grassroots: Community Organizations in the Portuguese Revolution. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989.

   ■ Dufour, Jean-Marc. Prague sur Tage. Paris, 1975.

   ■ Durão Barroso, José. Le systémepolitiqueportugais face à l'intégration euro-péenne. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■ Eisfeid, Rainer. "Portugal: What Role/What Future?" In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal Ten Years after the Revolution. New York: RIIC, Columbia University, 1984.

   ■. Sozialistischer Pluralismus in Europa: Ansãtze und Scheitern am Beispiel Portugal. Cologne: Verlag Wissenchaft ünd Politik, 1985.

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   ■ Giaccone, Fausto. Una Storia Portoghese/ Uma História Portuguesa. Palermo: Randazzo Focus, 1987.

   ■ Gladdish, Ken. "Portugal: An Open Verdict." In Geoffrey Pridham, ed. Securing Democracy: Political Parties and Democratic Consolidation in Southern Europe, 104-25. London and New York: Routledge, 1990.

   ■ Graham, Lawrence S. The Decline and Collapse of an Authoritarian Order. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1975.

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   ■ Green, Gil. Portugal's Revolution. New York: International, 1976.

   ■ Hammond, John L. Building Popular Power: Workers' and Neighborhood Movements in the Portuguese Revolution. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1988.

   ■ Harsgor, Michael. Naissance d'un Nouveau Portugal. Paris: Ed. du Seuil, 1975.

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   ■ Harvey, Robert. Portugal, Birth of a Democracy. London: Macmillan, 1978.

   ■ Herr, Richard, ed. Portugal: The Long Road to Democracy and Europe. Berkeley, Calif.: International and Area Studies, 1992.

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   ■ Janitschek, Hans. Mario Soares: Portrait of a Hero. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1985.

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   ■ Lauré, Jason, and Ettagal Lauré. Jovem Portugal: After the Revolution. New York: Straus, Farrar and Giroux, 1977.

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   ■. Portugal Depois De Abril. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■ Ruas, H. B., ed. A Revolução das Flores. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Rudel, Christian. La Liberte couleur d'oeillet. Paris: Fayard, 1980.

   ■ Sa, Tiago Moreira de. Os Americanos na Revolucao Portuguesa ( 1974-1976). Lisbon: Edit. Noticias, 2004.

   ■ Sá Carneiro, Francisco. Por Uma Social-Democracia Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Sanches Osôrio, Helena. Um Só Rosto. Uma Só Fé. Conversas Com Adelino Da Palma Carlos. Lisbon, 1988. Sanches Osôrio, J. The Betrayal of the 25th of April in Portugal. Madrid: Sedmay, 1975.

   ■ Schmitter, Philippe C. "Liberation by Golpe: Retrospective Thoughts on the Demise of Authoritarian Rule in Portugal." Armed Forces and Society 2 (1974): 5-33.

   ■. "An Introduction to Southern European Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain and Turkey." In G. O'Donnell,

   ■ P. C. Schmitter, and L. Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, 3-10. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.

   ■ Silva, Fernando Dioga da. "Uma Administração Envelhecido." Revista da Ad-ministraçao Pública 2 (Oct.-Dec. 1979).

   ■ Simões, Martinho, ed. Relatório Do 25 De Novembro: Texto Integral, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■ Soares, Isabel, ed. Mário Soares: O homem e o político. Lisbon, 1976. Soares, Mário. Democratização e Descolonização: Dez meses no Governo Provisório. Lisbon, 1975. Sobel, Lester A., ed. Portuguese Revolution, 1974-1976. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1976.

   ■ Spínola, Antônio de. Portugal e o Futuro. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■. País Sem Rumo: Contributo para a História de uma Revolução. Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Stock, Maria José. Os Partidos do Poder: Dez Anos Depois do " 25 De Abril." Evora, 1986.

   ■ Story, Jonathan. "Portugal's Revolution of Carnations: Patterns of Change and Continuity." International Affairs 52 (July 1976): 417-34. Sweezey, Paul. "Class Struggles in Portugal." Monthly Review 27, 4 (Sept. 1975): 1-26.

   ■ Szulc, Tad. "Lisbon and Washington: Behind Portugal's Revolution." Foreign Policy 21 (Winter 1975-76): 3-62. Tavares de Almeida, Antônio. Balsemão: O retrato. Lisbon, 1981. "Vasco." Desenhos Políticos. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■ Vasconcelos, Alvaro. "Portugal in Atlantic-Mediterranean Security." In Douglas T. Stuart, ed., Politics and Security in the Southern Region of the Atlantic Alliance, 117-36. London: Macmillan, 1988.

   ■ Wheeler, Douglas L. "Golpes militares e golpes literários. A literatura do golpe de 25 de Abril de 1974 em contexto histôrico." Penélope. Fazer E Desfazer A História, 19-20 (1998): 191-212.

   ■. "Tributo ao Historiador dos Historiadores. Memorias de A.H.de Oliveira Marques (1933-2007)," Historia XXIX, 95, III series (March 2007), 18-22.

   ■ Wiarda, Howard J. Transcending Corporatism? The Portuguese Corporative System and the Revolution of 1974. Columbia: Institute of International Studies, University of South Carolina, 1976.

   ■. The Transition to Democracy in Spain and Portugal. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1989. Wise, Audrey. Eyewitness in Revolutionary Portugal. With a Preface by Judith Hart, MP. London: Spokesman, 1975.

   ■ PHYSICAL FEATURES: GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, FAUNA, AND FLORA

   ■ Birot, Pierre. Le Portugal: Étude de géographie régionale. Paris, 1950.

   ■ Embleton, Clifford. Geomorphology of Europe. London: Macmillan, 1984.

   ■ Girão, Aristides de Amorim. Divisão regional, divisão agrícola e divisão administrativa. Coimbra, 1932.

   ■. Condições geográficos e históricas de autonomia política de Portugal. Coimbra, 1935.

   ■. Atlas de Portugal, 2nd ed. Coimbra, 1958.

   ■ Ribeiro, Orlando. Portugal, O Mediterrâneo e o Altântico. Coimbra, 1945 and later eds.

   ■. Portugal. Volume V of Geografia de Espana y Portugal. Barcelona, 1955.

   ■. Ensaios de Geografia Humana e regio nal. Lisbon, 1970.

   ■. A geografia e a divisão regional do país. Lisbon, 1970.

   ■ Stanislawski, Dan. The Individuality of Portugal. Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1959.

   ■. Portugal's Other Kingdom: The Algarve. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1963.

   ■ Taylor, Albert William. Wild Flowers of Spain and Portugal. London: Chatto & Windus, 1972.

   ■ Way, Ruth, and Margaret Simmons. A Geography of Spain and Portugal. London: Methuen, 1962.

   ■ ARCHAEOLOGY AND PREHISTORY

   ■ "Actas do Colóquio Inter-Universitário do Noroeste Peninsular (Porto-Baião, 1988), vol. II, Proto-História, romanização e Idade Média." In Trabalhos de antropologia e etnologia. 28, 3-4 (1988).

   ■ Alarcão, Jorge de, ed. "Do Paleolítico va arte visigótica." Vol. 1, História da

   ■ Arte em Portugal. Lisbon: Alfa, 1986.

   ■. Roman Portugal, 3 vols. Warminister, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.

   ■. Portugal Das Orígens A Romanização. Vol. I. In J. Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds. Nova História de Portugal. Lisbon: Presença, 1990. Anderson, James M., and M. S. Lea. Portugal 1001 Sights: An Archaeological and Historical Guide. Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary and Robert Hale, 1994.

   ■ Balmuth, Miriam S., Antonio Gilman, and Lourdes Prados-Torreira, eds. Encounters and Transformations: The Archaeology of Iberia in Transition. Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology, no. 7. Sheffield, U.K.: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997.

   ■ Beirão, C. M. M. Une civilization protohistorique du Sud au Portugal ( 1er Age du Fer). Paris: D. Boccard, 1986.

   ■ Cardoso, João Luís, Santinho A. Cunha, and Delberto Aguiar. O Homem Pre-Histórico no Concelho de Oeiras. Oeiras, Portugal: Estudos Arquelógicos de Oeiras, 1991.

   ■ Harrison, Richard J. The Bell Beaker Cultures of Spain and Portugal. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977.

   ■ Mangas, Júlio, ed. Hispania epigraphica. Madrid, 1989.

   ■ Maloney, Stephanie J. "The Villa of Toerre de Palma, Portugal: Archaeology and Preservation." Portuguese Studies Review VIII, 1 (Fall-Winter, 1999-2000): 14-28.

   ■ Savory, H. N. Spain and Portugal: The Prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula. London, 1968.

   ■ Silva, A. C. F. A cultura castreja no Noroeste de Portugal. Paços de Ferreira:

   ■ Museu da Citânia de Sanfins, 1986. Straus, L. G. Iberia before the Iberians. Albuquerque, N.M., 1992.

   ■ FOREIGN TRAVELERS AND RESIDENTS' ACCOUNTS

   ■ Andersen, Hans Christian. A Visit to Portugal 1866. London: Peter Owen, 1972.

   ■ Beckford, William. Italy, with Sketches of Spain and Portugal. Paris: Baudry's European Library, 1834.

   ■. The Journal of William Beckford in Portugal and Spain 1787-1788.

   ■ Boyd Alexander, ed. London: Hart-Davies, 1954.

   ■. Recollections of an Excursion to the Monasteries of Alcoboca and Batalha. Fontwell, U.K.: Centaur Press, 1972.

   ■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. In Portugal. London: Bodley Head, 1912.

   ■ Borrow, George. The Bible in Spain, 2 vols. London: Constable, 1923 ed.

   ■ Chaves, Castelo Branco. Os livros de viagens em Portugal no século XVIII e a sua projecção europeia. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■ Costigan, Arthur William. Sketches of Society and Manners in Portugal. London: T. Vernon, 1787.

   ■ Crawfurd, Oswald. Portugal Old and New. London: Kegan, Paul, 1880.

   ■. Round the Calendar in Portugal. London: Chapman & Hall, 1890.

   ■ Darymple, William. Travels through Spain and Portugal in 1774. London: J. Almon, 1777.

   ■ Dumouriez, Charles Francois Duperrier. An Account of Portugal as It Appeared in 1766. London: C. Law, 1797.

   ■ Fielding, Henry. Jonathan Wild and the Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon. London: J. M. Dent, 1932.

   ■ Fullerton, Alice. To Portugal for Pleasure. London: Grafton, 1945.

   ■ Gibbons, John. I Gathered No Moss. London: Robert Hale, 1939.

   ■ Gordon, Jan, and Cora Gordon. Portuguese Somersault. London: Harrap, 1934.

   ■ Hewitt, Richard. A Cottage in Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.

   ■ Huggett, Frank. South of Lisbon: Winter Travels in Southern Portugal. London: Gollancz, 1960.

   ■ Hume, Martin. Through Portugal. London: Richards, 1907.

   ■ Hyland, Paul. Backwards Out of the Big World: A Voyage into Portugal. Hammersmith, U.K.: HarperCollins, 1996.

   ■ Jackson, Catherine Charlotte, Lady. Fair Lusitania. London: Bentley, 1874.

   ■ Kelly, Marie Node. This Delicious Land Portugal. London: Hutchinson, 1956.

   ■ Kempner, Mary Jean. Invitation to Portugal. New York: Athenaeum, 1969.

   ■ Kingston, William H. G. Lusitanian Sketches of the Pen and Pencil. 2 vol. London: Parker, 1845.

   ■ Landmann, George. Historical, Military and Picturesque Observations on Portugal. 2 vol. London: Cadell and Davies, 1818.

   ■ Latouche, John [Pseudonym of Oswald Crawfurd]. Travels in Portugal. London: Ward, Lock & Taylor, ca. 1874.

   ■ Link, Henry Frederick. Travels in Portugal and France and Spain. London: Longman & Rees, 1801.

   ■ Macauley, Rose. They Went to Portugal. London: Jonathan Cape, 1946.

   ■. They Went to Portugal, Too. Manchester: Carcanet Books, 1990.

   ■ Merle, Iris. Portuguese Panorama. London: Ouzel, 1958.

   ■ Murphy, J. C. Travels in Portugal. London: 1795.

   ■ Proper, Datus C. The Last Old Place: A Search through Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992.

   ■ Quillinan, Dorothy [Wordsworth]. Journal of a Few Months in Portugal with Glimpses of the South of Spain. 2 vol. London: Moxon, 1847. Sitwell, Sacheverell. Portugal and Madeira. London: Batsford, 1954. Smith, Karine R. Until Tomorrow: Azores and Portugal. Snohomish, Wash.: Snohomish Publishing, 1978. Southey, Robert. Journals of a Residence in Portugal, 1800-1801 and a Visit to France, 1838. London and New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1912. Thomas, Gordon Kent. Lord Byron's Iberian Pilgrimage. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1983. Twiss, Richard. Travels through Portugal and Spain in 1772-1773. London, 1775.

   ■ Watson, Gilbert. Sunshine and Sentiment in Portugal. London: Arnold, 1904. Wheeler, Douglas L. "A[n American] Fulbrighter in Lisbon, Portugal, 196162." Portuguese Studies Review 1 (1991): 9-16.

   ■ PORTUGUESE CARTOGRAPHY, DISCOVERIES, AND NAVIGATION

   ■ Albuquerque, Luís de. Curso de História de Naútica. Coimbra, 1972.

   ■. Introdução a história dos descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Mem Martins, 1983.

   ■. Os Descobrimentos Portugueses. Lisbon: Alfa, 1983.

   ■. Navegadores, viajantes e adventureiros portugueses: Séculos XV e XVI. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■. Portuguese Books on Nautical Science from Pedro Nunes to 1650. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■. Os Descobrimentos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Boorstin, Daniel. The Discoverers. New York: Random House, 1983. Boxer, C. R. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825. London: Hutchinson, 1969.

   ■ Brazão, Eduardo. La découverte de Terre-Neuve. Montreal: Les Presses de l'Université, 1964.

   ■. "Les Corte-Real et le Nouveau Monde." Revue d'histoire d'Amérique Française 19, 1 (1965): 335-49. Cortesão, Armando, and Avelino Teixeira de Mota. Cartografia Portuguesa Antiga. Lisbon, 1960.

   ■. Portugalia Monumenta Cartográfica, 6 vols. Lisbon, 1960-62.

   ■. História da Cartografia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Coimbra, 1969-70.

   ■ Cortesão, Jaime. L'expansion des portugais dans l'historie de la civilisation. Brussels, 1930.

   ■. Os descobrimentos portugueses, 2 vols. V. Magalhães Godinho and Joel Serrão, eds. Lisbon, 1960.

   ■. A expansão dos Portugueses no período henriquinho. Lisbon, 1965.

   ■. Descobrimentos precolombanos dos portugueses. Lisbon, 1966.

   ■ Costa, Abel Fontoura da. A Marinharia dos Descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1960.

   ■ Costa Brochado, Idalino F. Descobrimento do Atlântico. Lisbon, 1958. English ed., 1959-60.

   ■ Coutinho, Admiral Gago. A naútica dos descobrimentos, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1951-52.

   ■ Crone, G. R. Maps and Their Makers. New York: Capricorn Books, 1966.

   ■ Dias, José S. da Silva. Os descobrimentos e a problemática cultural do Século XVI, 2nd ed. Lisbon, 1982.

   ■ Disney, Anthony, and Emily Booth, eds. Vasco Da Gama and the Linking of Europe and Asia. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000.

   ■ Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães, ed. Documentos sobre a expansão portuguesa [ to 1460], 3 vols. Lisbon, 1945-54.

   ■ Guedes, Max, and Gerald Lombardi, eds. Portugal. Brazil: The Age of Atlantic Discoveries. Lisbon: Bertrand; Milan: Ricci; Brazilian Culture Foundation, 1990. [Catalogue of New York Public Library Exhibit, Summer 1990]

   ■ Harley, J. B., and David Woodward. The History of Cartography. Volume 1: Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient and Medieval Europe and Mediterranean. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.

   ■ Leite, Duarte. História dos Descobrimentos: Colectânea de esparsos, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1958-61.

   ■ Ley, Charles. Portuguese Voyages, 1498-1663. London: Dent, 1953.

   ■ Marques, J. Martins da Silva. Descobrimentos portugueses, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1944-71.

   ■ Martyn, John R. C., ed. Pedro Nunes ( 1502-1578): His Lost Algebra and Other Discoveries. John R. C. Martyn, trans. New York: Peter Lang, 1996.

   ■ Morison, Samuel Eliot. The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages, A. D. 500-1600. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971.

   ■. Portuguese Voyages to America in the Fifteenth Century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974.

   ■ Mota, Avelino Teixeira da. Mar, Além-Mar-Estudos e Ensaios de História e Geografia. Lisbon, 1972.

   ■ Nemésio, Vitorino. Vida e Obra do Infante D. Henrique. Lisbon, 1959.

   ■ Parry, J. H. The Discovery of the Sea. New York: Dial, 1974.

   ■ Penrose, Boies. Travel and Discovery in the Renaissance, 1420-1620. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1952.

   ■ Peres, Damião. História dos Descobrimentos Portugueses. Oporto, 1943.

   ■ Prestage, Edgar. The Portuguese Pioneers. London, 1933; New York: Barnes & Noble, 1967.

   ■ Rogers, Francis M. Precision Astrolabe: Portuguese Navigators and Transoceanic Aviation. Lisbon, 1971.

   ■ Seary, E. R. "The Portuguese Element in the Place Names of Newfoundland." In Luís Albuquerque, ed., Vice-Almirante A. Teixeira da Mota: In Memo-riam. Vol. II, 359-64. Lisbon: Academia da Marinha, 1989.

   ■ Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. The Career and Legend of Vasco Da Gama. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

   ■ Velho, Alvaro. Roteiro ( Navigator's Route) da Primeira Viagem de Vasco da Gama ( 1497-1499). Lisbon, 1960.

   ■ Winius, George, ed. Portugal, the Pathfinder: Journeys from the Medieval toward the Modern World 1300-ca. 1600. Madison, Wisc.: Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies, 1995.

   ■ PORTUGAL AND HER OVERSEAS EMPIRES (1415-1975)

   ■ Abshire, David M., and Michael A. Samuels, eds. Portuguese Africa: A Handbook. New York: Praeger, 1969.

   ■ Afonso, Aniceto, and Carlos de Matos Gomes. Guerra Colonial. Lisbon: Noticias, 2001.

   ■ Albuquerque, J. Moushino de. Moçambique. Lisbon, 1898.

   ■ Alden, Dauril. The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire & Beyond. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1995.

   ■ Alexandre, Valentim. Orígens do Colonialismo Português Moderno ( 18221891). Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1979.

   ■. Velho Brasil, Novas Africas: Portugal e o Império ( 1808-1975). Oporto: Afrontamento, 2000.

   ■, and Jill Dias, eds. "O Império Africano 1825-1890. Volume X." In J.

   ■ Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds., Nova História Da Expansão Portuguesa. Lisbon: Estampa, 1998.

   ■ Ames, Glen J. "The Carreira da India, 1668-1682: Maritime Enterprise and the Quest for Stability in Portugal's Asian Empire." Journal of European Economic History 20, 1 (1991): 7-28.

   ■. Renascent Empire? The House of Braganza and the Quest for Stability in Portuguese Monsoon Asia, ca. 1640-1683. Amsterdam: Amsterdam Univ.Press, 2000.

   ■. Vasco da Gama. Renaissance Crusader. New York: Pearson/Longman, 2005.

   ■ Antunes, José Freire. O Império com Pés de Barro: Colonizaçao e Descolonização: As Ideologias em Portugal. Lisbon: D. Quixote, 1980.

   ■. O Factor Africano 1890-1990. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1990.

   ■. A Guerra De Africa 1961-1974, 2 vols. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1995-96.

   ■. Jorge Jardim: Agente Secreto 1919-1982. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1996.

   ■ Axelson, Eric A. South-East Africa, 1488-1530. London: Longmans, 1940.

   ■. "Prince Henry and the Discovery of the Sea Route to India." Geographical Journal (U.K.) 127, 2 (June 1961): 145-58.

   ■. Portugal and the Scramble for Africa, 1875-1891. Johannesburg: Witwaterstrand University Press, 1967.

   ■. Portuguese in South-East Africa, 1488-1699. Cape Town: Struik, 1973.

   ■. Congo to Cape: Early Portuguese Explorers. New York: Harper & Row, 1974.

   ■ Azevedo, Mário. Historical Dictionary of Mozambique, 2nd ed. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 2003.

   ■ Baião, António, Hernãni Cidade, and Manuel Murias, eds. História da Expansão Portuguesa no Mundo, 4 vols. Lisbon, 1937-40.

   ■ Bender, Gerald J. "The Limits of Counterinsurgency [in the Angolan War, 1961-72]." Comparative Politics (1972): 331-60.

   ■. Angola under the Portuguese: The Myth Versus Reality. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978.

   ■ Bhíla, H. H. K. Trade and Politics in a Shona Kingdom: The Manyika and Their Portuguese and African Neighbours, 1875-1902. Harlow, U.K.: Longman, 1990.

   ■ Birmingham, David. The Portuguese Conquest of Angola. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965.

   ■. Trade and Conflict in Angola. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966.

   ■. Frontline Nationalism in Angola & Mozambique. London: James Currey, 1992.

   ■. Portugal and Africa. New York: St. Martins, 1999.

   ■ Bottineau, Yves. Le Portugal Et Sa Vocation Maritime. Paris: Boccard, 1977. Boxer, C. R. Fidalgos in the Far East— Fact and Fancy in the History of Macau. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1948. ———. The Christian Century in Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1951.

   ■ ———. Salvador de Sá and the Struggle for Brazil and Angola, 1602-1688. London, 1952.

   ■ ———. Four Centuries of Portuguese Expansion, 1415-1825: A Succinct Survey. Johannesburg: Witwaterstrand University Press, 1961.

   ■ ———. The Golden Age of Brazil, 1695-1750. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962.

   ■ ———. Race Relations in the Portuguese Colonial Empire, 1415-1825. Oxford:

   ■ Clarendon Press, 1963. ———. Portuguese Society in the Tropics. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1965.

   ■ ———. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire 1415-1825. London: Hutchi nson, 1969.

   ■ ———, and Carlos de Azevedo, eds. Fort Jesus and the Portuguese in Mombasa. London: Hollis and Carter, 1960.

   ■ Broadhead, Susan H. Historical Dictionary of Angola, 2nd ed. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1992.

   ■ Burton, Richard. Goa and the Blue Mountains. London: Bentley, 1851.

   ■ Cabral, Luís. Crónica da Libertação. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■ Caetano, Marcello. Colonizing Traditions, Principles and Methods of the Portuguese. Lisbon, 1951.

   ■ ———. Portugal E A Internacionalização Dos Problemas Africanos, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1965.

   ■ Cann, John P. Counterinsurgency in Africa: The Portuguese Way of War, 1961-1974. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1997. Castelo, Claudia. " O modo portugues de estar no mundo." O luso-tropicalismo e a ideologia colonial portuguesa ( 1931-1961). Oporto: Afrontamento, 1998. Castro, Armando. O Sistema Colonial Português em Africa ( meados do Século XX). Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Chaliand, Gerard. "The Independence of Guinea-Bissau and the Heritage of [Amilcar] Cabral." In Revolution in the Third World. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1978.

   ■ Chilcote, Ronald H. Portuguese Africa. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1967.

   ■ Clarence-Smith, Gervase. Slaves, Peasants and Capitalists in Southern Angola 1840-1926. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

   ■ ———. The Third Portuguese Empire 1825-1975: A Study in Economic Imperialism. Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press, 1985.

   ■ Coates, Timothy J. Convicts and Orphans: Forced and State-Sponsored Colonizers in the Portuguese Empire, 1550-1720. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2001.

   ■ Davies, Shann. Macau. Singapore: Times Editions, 1986.

   ■ Dias, C. Malheiro, ed. História da colonização portuguesa no Brasil, 3 vols. Oporto, 1921-24.

   ■ Diffie, Bailey W., and George Winius. Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415-1580. Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press, 1977.

   ■ Disney, Anthony R. Twilight of the Pepper Empire: Portuguese Trade in Southwest India in the Early Seventeenth Century. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978.

   ■ ———, and Emily Booth, eds. Vasco Da Gama and the Linking of Europe and Asia. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000.

   ■ Duffy, James. Shipwreck and Empire: Being an Account of Portuguese Maritime Disaster in a Century of Decline. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1955.

   ■ ———. Portuguese Africa. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1959. ———. Portugal in Africa. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1962.

   ■. "The Portuguese Territories." In Colin Legum, ed., Africa: A Handbook to the Continent. New York: Holmes & Meier, 1967. ———. A Question of Slavery. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967. Felgas, Hélio. História do Congo Português. Carmona, Angola, 1958. ———. Guerra em Angola. Lisbon, 1961.

   ■ Galvão, Henrique, and Carlos Selvagam. O Império Ultramarino Português, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1953.

   ■ Gleijeses, Piero. Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington and Africa, 19591976. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002.

   ■ Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães. "Portugal and Her Empire." In The New Cambridge Modern History. Vol. V (1961): 384-97; Vol. VI (1963): 509-TO.

   ■ Grenfell, F. James. História da Igreja Baptista em Angola, 1879-1975. Queluz, Portugal: Núcleo, 1998.

   ■ Hammond, Richard J. "Economic Imperialism: Sidelights on a Stereotype." Journal of Economic History XXI, 4 (1961): 582-98.

   ■ ———. Portugal and Africa, 1815-1910: A Study in Uneconomic Imperialism. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1966.

   ■ Hanson, Carl. Portugal and the Wider World 1147-1497. New Orleans, La.: University Press of the South, 2001.

   ■ Harris, Marvin. Portugal's African Wards. New York: American Committee on Africa, 1957.

   ■ ———. "Portugal's Contribution to the Underdevelopment of Africa and Brazil." In Ronald H. Chilcote, ed., Protest & Resistance in Angola & Brazil: Comparative Studies, 209-23. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.

   ■ Henderson, Lawrence W. Angola: Five Centuries of Conflict. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1979. ———. A Igreja Em Angola. Lisbon: Edit. Além-Mar, 1990. Heywood, Linda. Contested Power in Angola 1840s to the Present. Rochester, N.Y.: University of Rochester Press, 2000.

   ■ Hilton, Anne. The Kingdom of Kongo. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985.

   ■ Hower, Alfred, and Richard Preto-Rodas, eds. Empire in Transition: The Portuguese World in the Time of Camões. Gainesville: University Presses of Florida, 1985.

   ■ Isaacman, Allen. "The Prazos da Coroa 1752-1830: A Functional Analysis of the Political System." STUDIA (Lisbon) 26 (1969): 149-78.

   ■. Mozambique: The Africanization of a European Institution: The Zambezi Prazos, 1750-1902. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1972.

   ■ ———. The Tradition of Resistance in Mozambique: Anti-Colonial Activity in the Zambesi Valley 1850-1921. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976.

   ■ James, Martin. Historical Dictionary of Angola, 3rd ed. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 2004.

   ■ Jardim, Jorge. Sanctions Double-Cross: Oil to Rhodesia. Lisbon, 1978. Johnson, Harold, and Maria Beatriz Nizza da Silva. O Império Luso-Brasileiro 1500-1620. Volume VI. In J. Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds. Nova História Da Expansão Portuguesa. Lisbon: Estampa, 1992. Joliffe, Jill. East Timor: Nationalism & Colonialism. University of Queensland Press, 1978.

   ■ Kea, Ray A. Settlements, Trade and Politics in the Seventeenth Century Gold Coast. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982.

   ■ Kohen, Arnold. From the Place of the Dead. The Epic Struggles of Bishop Belo of East Timor. New York: St Martins, 1999.

   ■ Livingstone, Charles, and David Livingstone. Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambezi and Its Tributaries. New York: 1866.

   ■ Livingstone, David. Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa. London, 1857.

   ■ Lobban, Richard, and Joshua Forrest. Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, 3rd ed. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 1996. Lobban, Richard, and Marilyn Halter. Historical Dictionary of Cape Verde, 3rd ed. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 1993. Martino, Antonio M. Joao de Azevedo Coutinho. Marinheiro e soldado de Portugal. Lisbon: Colibri, 2002. Martins, Rocha. História das Colónias Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1933. Marvaud, Angel. Le Portugal et Ses Colonies. Paris, 1912. Mason, Philip, ed. Angola: A Symposium; Views of a Revolt. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1961. Melo, João de, ed. Os Anos Da Guerra 1961-1975: Os Portugueses em Africa, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1988. Miller, Joseph C. Way of Death: Merchant Capitalism and the Angolan Slave Trade, 1730-1830. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988.

   ■ Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Portugal. Vinte Anos de Defesa do Estado Português de India. Lisbon, 1967.

   ■. Portugal Replies in the United Nations. Lisbon, 1970.

   ■ Mondlane, Eduardo. The Struggle for Mozambique. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1969.

   ■ Moreira, Adriano. Política Ultramarina. Lisbon, 1956.

   ■. Portugal's Stand in Africa. New York: University Publishers, 1962.

   ■, and Jose Carlos Venancio. Eds. Luso-Tropicalismo. Uma Teoria Social em Questao. Lisbon: Vega, 2000.

   ■ Múrias, Manuel, ed. História da expansão portuguesa no mundo, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1937-42.

   ■. Short History of Portuguese Colonization. Lisbon, 1940.

   ■ Newitt, Malyn. Portuguese Settlement on the Zambesi: Exploration, Land Tenure and Colonial Rule in East Africa. New York: Holmes & Meier, 1973.

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   ■ Wheeler, Douglas L. "The Portuguese in Angola, 1836-1891: A Study in Expansion and Administration." Ph.D. dissertation, History Department, Boston University, 1963.

   ■. "19th Century: Anglo-Portuguese Alliance and the Scramble for Africa." In BBC, 600 Years of Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, 40-43. London: BBC, 1973.

   ■. "The Price of Neutrality: Portugal, the Wolfram Question and World War II." Luso-Brazilian Review (Madison, Wisc.) 34, 1, 2 (Summer 1986; Winter 1986): 107-27; 97-111.

   ■ Wordsworth, William. William Wordsworth's Convention of Cintra: A Facsimile of the 1809 Tract [Introduction by Gordon Kent Thomas]. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1983.

   ■ Young, George. Portugal Old and Young. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1917.

   ■ ANTHROPOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY, RURAL AND URBAN SOCIETY

   ■ Almeida, Miguel Vale de. The Hegemonic Male: Masculinity in a Portuguese Town. Oxford: Berghan, 1996.

   ■ Black, Richard. Crisis and Change in Rural Europe: Agricultural Development in the Portuguese Mountains. Aldershot, U.K.: Avebury and Ashgate, 1992.

   ■ Brettell, Caroline B. Men Who Migrate, Women Who Wait: Population and History in a Portuguese Parish. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986.

   ■. "The Absence of Men." Natural History 96, 2 (Feb. 1987): 52-61.

   ■. "The Portuguese." In Encyclopedia of World Cultures. New Haven, Conn.: Human Relations Area Files, 1990.

   ■. "The Priest and His People: The Contractual Basis for Religious Practice in Rural Portugal." In Ellen Badone, ed., Religious Orthodoxy and Popular Faith in European Society, 55-75. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990.

   ■ Brogger, Jan. Pre-bureaucratic Europeans: A Study of a Portuguese Fishing Community. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989. Cabral, Manuel Villaverde. "Portuguese Perspectives." Sociologia Ruralis [Journal of European Rural Sociology] XXIV, 1 (1986); number devoted to rural Portugal today. Chaney, Rick. Regional Emigration and Remittances in Developing Countries: The Portuguese Experience. New York: Praeger, 1986. Cole, Sally. Women of the Praia: Work and Lives in a Portuguese Colonial Community. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991. Cutileiro, José. A Portuguese Rural Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971.

   ■ Deschamps, Paul. Portugal: La Vie Sociale Actuelle. Paris, 1935.

   ■. Histoire Sociale du Portugal. Paris, 1959.

   ■ Dias, Jorge. Rio do Onor-comunitarismo agropastoral. Oporto, 1953.

   ■. Ensaios Etnológicos. Lisbon, 1961.

   ■. The Portuguese Contribution to Cultural Anthropology. Johannesburg: Witwaterstrand University Press, 1964.

   ■. Vilarinho Da Furna: Uma Aldeia Comunitária. Rev. ed. Lisbon, 1981.

   ■ Downs, Charles. Os Moradores à Conquista da Cidade. Lisbon, 1978.

   ■. "Community Organization, Political Change and Urban Policy: Portugal. 1974-1976." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Sociology. University of California, 1980.

   ■. "Residents' Commissions and Urban Struggles in Revolutionary Portugal." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal: The Revolution and Its Consequences. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Dracklé, Dorlé. Macht und Ohnmacht: Der Kampf num die Agarreform im Alentejo ( Portugal). Gottingen, Germany: Edit. Re, 1991.

   ■ Espírito Santo, Moise. Communidade Rural ao Norte do Tejo. Lisbon, 1980.

   ■ Feijó, Rui, H. Martins, and João de Pina Cabral, eds. Death in Portugal. Oxford: Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford, 1983.

   ■ Feijó, Rui Graça. "State, Nation and Regional Diversity in Portugal: An Overview." In Richard Herr and John H. Polt, eds., Iberian Identity: Essays on the Nature of Identity in Portugal and Spain, 37-47. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1989.

   ■ Feio, Mariano. Les Bas Alentejo et l'Algarve. Lisbon, 1949.

   ■ Ferreira de Almeida, João. Classes sociais nos campos. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■ Fonseca, Ramiro da. O Livro da Saúde e da Doença. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Gallop, Rodney. Portugal: A Book of Folk-Ways. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1936. Reprinted, 1961.

   ■ Hoefgen, Lynn. "The Integration of Returnees from the Colonies into Portugal's Social and Economic Life." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, 1985.

   ■ Ingerson, Alice Elizabeth. "Corporatism and Class Consciousness in Northwestern Portugal." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology. Johns Hopkins University, 1984.

   ■ Jenkins, Robin. The Road to Alto. London: Pluto Press, 1979.

   ■ Lawrence, Denise. "Menstrual Politics: Women and Pigs in Rural Portugal." In T. Buckley and A. Gottlieb, eds., Blood Magic: The Anthropology of Menstruation, 117-36. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.

   ■. "Suburbanization of House Form and Gender Relations in a Rural Portuguese Agro-Town." Architecture and Behavior 4, 3 (1988): 197-212.

   ■ Martins, Hermínio. "Portugal." In Margaret S. Archer and Salvador Giner, eds., Contemporary Europe: Class, Status and Power. New York: St. Martins, 1971.

   ■ Mattoso, José. Identificação de um país. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Merten, Peter. Anarchismüs und Arbeiterkãmpf in Portugal. Hamburg: Libera-tare Association, 1981.

   ■ Monteiro, Paulo. Terra que ja foi terra: Análise Sociológica de nove lugares agro-pastorais da Serra da Lousã. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Nataf, Daniel. "Social Cleavages and Regime Formation in Contemporary Portugal." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Political Science, UCLA, 1987.

   ■ Nazareth, J. Manuel. "Familia e Emigração em Portugal: Ensaio Exploratório." Economia e Socialismo 23 (1977): 31-50.

   ■ O'Neill, Brian Juan. "Dying and Inheriting in Rural Tras-os-Montes." Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford 14 (1983): 44-74.

   ■. Social Inequality in a Portuguese Hamlet: Land, Late Marriage, and Inheritance, 1870-1978. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

   ■ Pacheco, Helder. Tradições Populares de Portugal. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Pardoe, Julia. Traits and Traditions of Portugal, 2 vols. London, 1832.

   ■ Pereira Neto, João Baptista. "Social Evolution in Portugal since 1945." In Raymond S. Sayers, ed., Portugal and Brazil in Transition, 212-27. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1968.

   ■ Pina-Cabral, João de. Sons of Adam, Daughters of Eve: The Peasant World-View of the Alto Minho. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986.

   ■. "Sociocultural Differentiation and Regional Identity in Portugal." In

   ■ R. Herr and J. H. Polt, eds., Iberian Identity, 3-18. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, 1989.

   ■ Poinard, Michel. La Retour des Traveilleurs Portugais. Paris: La Documentation Francaise, 1979.

   ■ Reed, Robert Roy. "Managing the Revolution: Revolutionary Promise and Political Reality in Rural Portugal." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Indiana University, 1988.

   ■ Riegelhaupt, Joyce F. "In the Shadow of the City: Integration of a Portuguese Village" [São João das Lampas, nr, Cascais]. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Columbia University, 1964.

   ■. "Saloio Women: An Analysis of Informal and Formal Political and Economic Roles of Portuguese Peasant Women." Anthropological Quarterly 40, 3 (July 1967): 109-26.

   ■. "Festas and Padres: The Organization of Religious Action in a Portuguese Parish." American Anthropologist 75 (1973): 835-52.

   ■. "Peasants and Politics in Salazar's Portugal: The Corporate State and Village 'Nonpolitics'" In L. S. Graham and H. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and Its Antecedents, 167-90. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.

   ■ Rodrigues, Julieta E. S. de Almeida. "Continuity and Change in Urban Portuguese Women's Roles: Emerging New Household Structures." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Sociology, Columbia University, 1979.

   ■ Rowland, Robert. "Demographic Patterns and Rural Society in Portugal." So-ciologica Ruralis 26, 1 (1986): 36-47.

   ■ Sanchis, Pierre. Arraial. La Fête d'un Peuple: Les Pélerinages Populaires au Portugal. Paris, 1976.

   ■ Siegel, Bernard J. "Social Structure and Medical Practitioners in Rural Brazil and Portugal." Sociologia (São Paulo) 20, 4 (Oct. 1958): 463-76.

   ■. "Conflict, Parochialism and Social Differentiation in Portuguese Society." Journal of Conflict Resolution V, 1 (March 1961): 35-12.

   ■ Smith, T. Lynn. "The Social Relationships of Man to the Land in Portugal." Sociologia 25, 1 (Dec. 1963): 319-43.

   ■ Sousa Santos, Boaventura. "Estado e sociedade na semiperíferia do sistema mundiale: O caso português." Análise Social 87-89 (1985): 869-902.

   ■. "Social Crisis and the State." In Kenneth Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s: Dilemmas of Democratic Consolidation, 167-95. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Vasconcellos, Joaquim Leite de. Ethnograia Portuguesa, 8 vols. Lisbon, 1941-82.

   ■. Tradições Populares Portugueses. New ed. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■ Willems, Emilio. "On Portuguese Family Structure." International Journal of Comparative Society (Dharwar, India) 3, 1 (Sept. 1962): 65-79.

   ■ ARTS, ARCHITECTURE, URBAN PLANNING, MUSIC

   ■ Almeida, Rodrigo Vicente de. História da Arte em Portugal: ( Segundo Estudo) Documentos lnéditos. Oporto, 1883. Almeida D'Eca, Admiral Vicente M. Castles of Portugal. Lisbon, 1925. Amaral, Francisco K. Lisboa: Uma Cidade em Transformação. Lisbon, 1969. Azevedo, Carlos de, and Chester Brummel. Churches of Portugal. New York: Scala Books, 1985.

   ■ Barreira, João, ed. Arte Portuguesa: As Decorativas, 2 vols. Lisbon, n.d.

   ■ Barretto, Mascarenhas, and George Dykes. Fado: Lyrical Origins and Poetical Motivation. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■ Binney, Marcus. Country Manors of Portugal. London: Scala, 1987.

   ■ Branco, Luís de Freitas. A Música em Portugal. Lisbon, 1930.

   ■ Brito, Manuel Carlos de. Opera in Portugal in the Eighteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

   ■ Carvalho, Pinto de. História de Fado. Lisbon, 1903 and 1982 eds.

   ■ Castro d'Aire, Teresa. O Fado. Lisbon: Temas da Actualidade, 1996.

   ■ Chicó, Mário Tavares. A Architectura Gótica em Portugal. Lisbon, 1968.

   ■ França, José-Augusto. A Arte em Portugal No Século XIX. Lisbon, 1966.

   ■. Lisboa Pombalina e o Illuminismo, 2nd ed. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■. A Reconstrucão e a Arquitectura Pombalina. Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Gallop, Rodney. "The Fado (The Portuguese Song of Fate)." Musical Quarterly XIX (1933): 199-213.

   ■. Eight Portuguese Folksongs. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1936.

   ■ Gil, Júlio. The Finest Churches in Portugal. Lisbon, 1988.

   ■. The Finest Castles in Portugal, 3rd ed. George F. W. Dykes, trans. Lisbon, 1996.

   ■ Gonçalves, Rui Mário. Pintura e escultura em Portugal. Lisbon: Instituto de Cultura, 1984.

   ■. 100 Pintores Portugueses do século XX. Lisbon: Alfa, 1986.

   ■ Kubler, George. Portuguese Plain Architecture: Between Spices and Diamonds, 1521-1706. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1972.

   ■. Studies in Ancient American and European Art: The Collected Essays of George Kubler. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1985.

   ■, and Martin Soria. Art and Architecture in Spain and Portugal. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1959.

   ■ Lacerda, Aarão de. História da Arte em Portugal, 2 vols. Oporto, 1942-48.

   ■ Leão, Joaquim de Sousa. "Decorative Art: The Azulejo." In H. V. Livermore, ed. Portugal and Brazil: An Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1953.

   ■ Lopes Graça, Fernando. A canção popular portuguesa. Lisbon, 1953.

   ■. A música portuguesa e os sus problemas: Ensaios. Lisbon, 1959.

   ■ Moita, Luís. O fado: canção de vencidos. Lisbon, 1936.

   ■ Neves, José Cassiano. The Palace and Gardens of Fronteira: Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Portuguese Style. Lisbon: Quetzal and Scala, 1995. North, C.T. Guia dos castelos antigos de Portugal, 2 vols. Lisbon: Bertrand Ed., 2002.

   ■ Pacheco, Jose. Stuart Carvalhais. O desenho grafico e a imprensa. Lisbon: Biblioteca do Empresario, 2000. Pereira, Paulo, ed. Arte portuguesa. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1995. Picchio, Luciana Stegagno. Storia del Teatro Portoghese. Rome: Edizinio deli' Ateneo, 1964.

   ■ Queirós, José. Cerâmica Portuguesa, 2 vols. 2nd rev. ed. Lisbon, 1948.

   ■ Santos, Luís Reis. Monuments of Portugal. Lisbon, 1940.

   ■ Santos, Reinaldo dos. A Escultura em Portugal, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1948-50.

   ■. História da Arte em Portugal. Oporto, 1953.

   ■ Sasportes, José. História da Dança em Portugal. Lisbon, 1970. Simões, J. M. dos Santos. "Azulejos in a Land of Many Colours." Connoisseur (London) CXXXVII, 551 (1956): 15-21.

   ■. Azulejaria em Portugal no Século X VIII. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Smith, Robert C. A Talha em Portugal. Lisbon, 1963.

   ■. The Art of Portugal, 1500-1800. London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1968.

   ■. "The Building of Mafra." Apollo 97, 134 (April 1973): 360-67.

   ■ Stoop, Anne de. Demeures portugaises dans les environs de Lisbonne. Paris: Weber, 1986.

   ■. Palais et manoirs: Le Minho. Paris: Ed. du Seuil, 1995.

   ■ Tannock, Michael. Portuguese 20th Century Artists: A Biographical Dictionary. Chichester, U.K.: Phillimore, 1978.

   ■ Taylor, René. "The Architecture of Port Wine." The Architectural Review CXXIX, 772 (1961): 368-99.

   ■ Terol, Marylene. Azulejos a Lisbonne. Paris: Hervas, 1992.

   ■ Veiga de Oliveira, Ernesto. Instrumentos musicais populares portugueses. Lisbon, 1982.

   ■ Watson, Walter Crum. Portuguese Architecture. London: Constable, 1908. Wohl, Hellmut. "Carlos Mardel and His Lisbon Architecture." Apollo 97, 134 (April 1973): 350-59.

   ■ Sculpture and Ceramics

   ■ Andrade, Sergio de. "Presepios." In Dicionario de Arte Barroca em Portugal. Lisbon: Presenca, 1989. Barreira, Joao. Arte Portuguesa, Arquitectura e Escultura. Lisbon: Excelsior, n.d.

   ■ Cardoso, Arnaldo Pinto. O Presepio Barroco Portugues. Lisbon: Bertrand, 2003.

   ■ Chaves, Luis. Os Barristas Portugueses. Coimbra, 1925.

   ■. Natal Portugues. Oporto: Liv. Classica Editora, 1942.

   ■ Gargano, Pietro. Il Presepio. Otto Secoli di Storia, Arte, Tradizione. Milan: Fenice, 1995.

   ■ Lima, Henrique de Campos F. Joaquim Machado de Castro, Escultor Conimbricense. Coimbra: Instituto de Historia de Arte, 1989. Macedo, Diogo de. Presepios Portugueses. Lisbon: Artis, 1951.

   ■. Machado de Castro. Lisbon: Artis, 1958.

   ■ Morais, Heitor. Natal do Meu Coracao. Braga: Ed. A.O., 1991.

   ■ Pais, Alexandre Nobre. Presepios Portugueses Monumentos do Seculo XVIII em Terracotta, 2 vols. Master's thesis in history of art, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1998.

   ■ Queiros, Jose. Ceramica Portuguesa. Lisbon: Presenca, 1998. Santos, Reinaldo dos. A Escultura em Portugal. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1951. Serrao, Vitor. Historia da Arte em Portugal IV-O Barroco. Lisbon: Presenca, 2003.

   ■ Smith, Robert C. The Art Of Portugal 1500-1800. New York: Meredith Press, 1968.

   ■ Sousa, Ernesto de. Presepios. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1998.

   ■ Cinema

   ■ Antunes, Joao and Jose de Matos-Cruz, Cinema Portugues 1896-1998. Lisbon: Lusomundo, 1997.

   ■ Bandeira, Jose Gomes. Porto: 100 anos de cinema portugues. Oporto: Camara Municipal do Porto, 1996. Duarte, Fernando. Primitivos do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: Cinecultura, 1960.

   ■ Faria de Almeida, M., Resumo da Historia do Cinema. Lisbon: RTP, 1982. Nobre, Roberto. Singularidades do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: Portugalia, n.d.

   ■ Pina, Luis de. Aventura do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: Vega, 1977.

   ■. Documentarismo Portugues. Lisbon: IPC, 1977.

   ■. Panorama do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: Terra Livre, 1978.

   ■. Historia do Cinema Portugues. Mem Martins: Europa-America, 1986.

   ■ Ribeiro, Felix. O Cinema Portugues antes do Sonoro. Esboco Historiconema Portugues. Lisbon: Terra Livre, 1978.

   ■. Panorama do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: n.d.

   ■ Children's Literature

   ■ Andresen, Sofia de Melo Breyner. A Fada Oriana. 9th ed. Lisbon: Figueiri-nhas, 1985.

   ■ Araújo, Matilde Rosa. A estrada fascinante. Lisbon: Livros Horizonte, 1988. Barreto, Garcia. Literatura Para Crianças E Jovens Em Portugal. Oporto:

   ■ Campo Das Letras, 1998. Bastos, Glória. A escrita para crianças em Portugal no seculo XIX. Lisbon:

   ■ Caminho da Educaçao, 1997. Cadet, Maria Rita Chiappe. Os Contos da Mamã. Lisbon: Lallement Freres, 1883.

   ■ Castro, Fernanda. Mariazinha em Africa, 2nd ed. Lisbon: Portugália, 1947. Cross, Esther, and Wilbur Cross. Portugal. Chicago: Childrens Press, 1986. DeSkalon, Anna, and Christa Stadtler. We Live in Portugal. New York: Watts, 1987.

   ■ Gomes, Alice. A Nau Catrineta, 2nd ed. Lisbon: Portugália, 1973.

   ■. A literatura para a infância. Lisbon: Torres & Abreu, 1979.

   ■ Letria, José Jorge. Do sentimento mágico da vida. Lisbon: Escritor, 1994. Müller, Adolfo Simões. Historiazinha de Portugal, 6th ed. Oporto: Tavares Martins, 1983.

   ■ Osório, Ana de Castro. Para as crianças. Illustr. by Leal da Câmara. Setúbal: Liv. Crianças, 1908.

   ■ Pires, Maria Laura Bettencourt. História da literatura infantil portuguesa. Lisbon: Vega, 1981. Ribeiro, Aquilino. Arca de Noé-III Classe. Lisbon, 1989. Rocha, Natércia. Breve História da Literatura para Crianças em Portugal. Lisbon: Instituto de Cultura e Língua Portuguesa, 1984.

   ■. Bibliografia geral da literatura portuguesa para crianças. Lisbon: Edit. Comunicação, 1987.

   ■ Sá, Domingos Guimarães de. A literatura infantil em Portugal. Braga: Edit. Franciscana, 1981.

   ■ Selfridge. John. Portugal. New York: Chelsea House, 1990. Vaz de Carvalho, Maria Amália. Contos para os Nossos Filhos, 11th ed. Oporto: Barreira, 1947.

   ■ Viana, António Manuel Couto. Jõao de Deus e um século de literatura infantil em Portugal. Lisbon: Ed. do Templo, 1978.

   ■ Lisbon, Capital City, in History and Literature

   ■ Castelo-Branco, Fernando. Lisboa Seiscentista, 3rd ed. Lisbon: 1969.

   ■ Castilho, Júlio de. Lisboa Antiga, 7 vols. Lisbon, 1935-45.

   ■ Couto, Dejanirah. Histoire de Lisbonne. Paris: Fayard, 2000.

   ■ Crespo, Ángel. Lisboa Mítica e Literária. Lisbon: Liv. Horizonte, 1987.

   ■ Dias, Marina Tavares. Lisboa Desaparecida. Lisbon: Quimera, 1990.

   ■ Dionísio, Sant'anna, ed. Guia de Portugal. Vol. I: Lisboa e Arredores. Lisbon: Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa, 1924, orig. ed; reprint, Gulbenkian Foundation, 1979.

   ■ França, José-Augusto. Lisboa Pombalina e o Iluminismo. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1977.

   ■ Moita, Irisalva, ed. O Livro de Lisboa. Lisbon: Liv. Horizonte, 1994.

   ■ Neves, Orlando. Lisboa em Crónica. Lisbon: Author's Ed., 1968.

   ■ Pavão, Luís, and Mário Pereira. Tabernas de Lisboa. Lisbon: Assírio & Alvim, 1981.

   ■ Pessoa, Fernando. Lisboa. O que o turista deve ver: What the Tourist Should See. Lisbon: Liv. Horizonte, 1997.

   ■ Queirós, José Maria Eça de. À Capital. Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1960.

   ■ Santos, Piedade Braga, et al. Lisboa Setecentista vista por Estrangeiros. Lisbon: Liv. Horizonte, 1996.

   ■ Vieira, Alice. Esta Lisboa. Lisbon: Caminho, 1993.

   ■ Wright, David, and Patrick Swift. Lisbon: A Portrait and Guide. New York: Scribners, 1971.

   ■ The Inquisition in History

   ■ Azevedo, João Lúcio. Historia das Cristãos-Novos. Lisbon: Liv. Clássica, 1975.

   ■ Baião, António. A Inquisição em Portugal e no Brasil: Subsídios para a sua história. Lisbon: Arquivo Histórico Portugues, 1906. Bethencourt, Francisco. "Portugal: A Scrupulous Inquisition," In Bengt Ankarloo and Gustav Henningsen, eds., Early Modern Witchcraft: Centres and Peripheries, 403-22. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990.

   ■. "Os equilíbrios sociais do Poder." In José Mattoso, ed., Historia De Portugal, Vol. 3, No Alvorecer Da Modernidade ( 1480-1620). Lisbon: Estampa, 1993.

   ■. História das Inquisições: Portugal, Espanha e Itália. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1994.

   ■ Braga, Maria Luísa. A Inquisição em Portugal na primeira metade do Séc. XVIII. Lisbon: Inst. Nacional de Investigação Científica, 1992.

   ■ Haliczer, Stephen, ed. Inquisition and Society in Early Modern Europe. London: Croom Helm, 1987.

   ■ Herculano, Alexandre. History of the Origin and Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal. Reprint. New York: AMS Press, 1968.

   ■ Magalhães, Joaquim Romero. "Em Busca dos Tempos da Inquisição (15731615)." Revista de História das Ideias 9 (1987): 191-228.

   ■ Mea, Elvira Cunha Azevedo. A Inquisição de Coimbra no Século XVI. Oporto, 1989.

   ■ Mendonça, José Lourenço D. de, and António Joaquim Moreira. História da Inquisição em Portugal. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1980.

   ■ Novinsky, Anita, and Luísa M. Carneiro, eds. Inquisição: Ensaios sobre Mentalidade, Heresias e Arte. Rio de Janeiro: Expressão e Cultura, 1992.

   ■ Pereira, Isais da Rosa. Documentos para a história da Inquisição em Portugal. Lisbon, 1987.

   ■ Rego, Yvonne Cunha, ed. Feiticeiros, Profetas e Visionários: Textos Antigos Portugueses. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional e Casa da Moeda, 1981.

   ■ Saraiva, António José. Inquisição e cristãos-novos. Lisbon: Estampa, 1985.

   ■ Walker, Timothy Dale. "Doctors, Folk Medicine and the Inquisition: The Repression of Popular Healing in Portugal during the Enlightenment Era." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of History, Boston University, 2001.

   ■ Literature in English Translation: Selection

   ■ Alcaforado, Mariana. The Letters of a Portuguese Nun ( Mariana Alcaforado). Edgar Prestage, trans. London: D. Nutt, 1893.

   ■ Andrade, Eugénio de. "White on White." Alexis Levitin, trans. Quarterly Review of Literature. Poetry Series VIII. Vol. 27. Princeton, N.J., 1987.

   ■. Another Name for Earth; O outro nome da terra. Alexis Levitin, trans. Ft. Bragg, Calif.: QED Press, 1997.

   ■ Andresen, Sophia de Mello Breyner. Marine Rose: Selected Poems. Ruth Fain-light, trans. Redding Ridge, Conn.: Swan Books, 1989.

   ■ Antunes, António Lobo. South of Nowhere. Elizabeth Lowe, trans. New York: Random House, 1983.

   ■. Fado Alexandrino. Gregory Rabassa, trans. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1990.

   ■. An Explanation of the Birds. Richard Zenith, trans. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1991.

   ■. Act of the Damned. New York: Grove Press, 1995.

   ■. The Natural Order of Things. New York: Grove Press, 2000.

   ■ Barreno, Maria Isabel, Maria Teresa Horta, and Maria Velho da Costa. The Three Marias: New Portuguese Letters. Helen R. Lane, trans. New York: Doubleday, 1975.

   ■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. Poems from the Portuguese ( with the Portuguese text). A.

   ■ Bell, trans. Oxford: Blackwell, 1913.

   ■ Camões, Luís de. The Lusiads of Luís de Camões. Leonard Bacon, trans. New York: Hispanic Society of America, 1950.

   ■. The Lusiads. William C. Atkinson, trans. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1952.

   ■. The Lusiads. Landeg White, trans. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.

   ■ Castelo Branco, Camilo. Doomed Love ( A Family Memoir). Alice R. Clemente, trans Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1995. Castro, José Maria Ferreira de. Emigrants. Dorothy Ball, trans. New York: Macmillan, 1962.

   ■. Jungle. Charles Duff, trans. New York: Viking, 1935.

   ■. The Mission. Ann Stevens, trans. London: Hamilton, 1963.

   ■ Dantas, Júlio. The Cardinals' Collation, 48th ed. A. Saintsbury, trans. London, 1962.

   ■ Dias de Melo. Dark Stones. Gregory McNab, trans. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1996.

   ■ Dinis, Júlio. The Fidalgos of Casa Mourisca. Rosanna Dabney, trans. Boston: D. Lothrop, 1891.

   ■ Garrett, Almeida. Brother Luiz de Sousa [play]. Edgar Prestage, trans. London: Elkin Mathess, 1909.

   ■. Travels in My Homeland. John M. Parker, trans. London: Peter Owen and UNESCO, 1987. Griffin, Jonathan. Camões: Some Poems Translated from the Portuguese by Jonathan Griffin. London: Menard Press, 1976. Jorge, Lídia. The Murmuring Coast. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995.

   ■ Lisboa, Eugénio, ed. Portuguese Short Fiction. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1997.

   ■ Lopes, Fernão. The English in Portugal 1367-87: Extracts from the Chronicles of Dom Fernando and Dom João. Derek W. Lomax and R. J. Oakley, eds. and trans. Warminster, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.

   ■ Macedo, Helder, ed. Contemporary Portuguese Poetry: An Anthology in English. Helder Macedo, et al., trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet New Press, 1978.

   ■ Martins, J. P. De Oliveira. A History of Iberian Civilization. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans.; preface by Salvador de Madariaga. New York: Cooper Square, 1969.

   ■ Mendes Pinto, Fernão. The Travels of Mendes Pinto [Orig. title: Peregrinação].

   ■ Rebecca D. Catz, trans., with introduction and notes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989. Miguéis, José Rodrigues. A Man Smiles at Death with Half a Face. George

   ■ Monteiro, trans. Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 1991.

   ■. Happy Easter. John Byrne, trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1995.

   ■. Steerage and Ten Other Stories. George Monteiro, ed. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1998. Monteiro, Luís De Sttau. The Rules of the Game. Ann Stevens, trans. London: Hamilton, 1965.

   ■ Mourão-Ferreira, David. Lucky in Love. Christine Robinson, trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1999. Namora, Fernando. Field of Fate. Dorothy Ball, trans. London: Macmillan, 1970.

   ■. Mountain Doctor. Dorothy Ball, trans. London: Macmillan, 1956.

   ■ Nemésio, Vitorino. Inclement Weather over the Channel. Francisco Cota Fagundes, trans. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1993.

   ■. Stormy Isles: An Azorean Tale. Francisco C. Fagundes, trans. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 2000.

   ■ Paço D'Arcos, Joaquim. Memoirs of a Banknote. Robert Lyle, trans. London, 1968.

   ■ Pedroso, Consiglieri, comp. Portuguese Folk-Tales. Henriqueta Monteiro, trans. Reprint of orig. 1882 ed. New York: Benjamin Blom, 1969.

   ■ Pessoa, Fernando. Fernando Pessoa: Sixty Portuguese Poems. F. E. G. Quintanilha, ed. and trans. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1971.

   ■. Selected Poems: Fernando Pessoa. 2nd rev. ed. Jonathan Griffin, trans. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1982.

   ■. The Book of Disquiet. Alfred MacAdams, trans. New York: Pantheon, 1991.

   ■. Fernando Pessoa: Selected Poems. Peter Rickard, ed. and trans. Edinburgh, U.K.: Edinburgh University Press, 1991.

   ■. "The Mariner: A 'Static Drama' in One Act." In Translation: Portugal.

   ■ George Ritchie, et al., trans. The Journal of Literary Translation. Vol. XXV, 38-56. New York: Translation Center, Columbia University, 1991.

   ■. Message: Bilingual Edition. Jonathan Griffin, trans. London: Menard Press and King's College, 1992.

   ■ Pires, José Cardoso. Ballad of a Dog's Beach. Mary Fitton, trans. London: J. M. Dent, 1986.

   ■ Queirós, José Maria Eça de. Cousin Bazilio. Roy Campbell, trans. London: Max Reinhardt, 1953.

   ■. The Relic. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans. London: Max Reinhardt, 1954.

   ■. The City and the Mountains. Roy Campbell, trans. London: Max Reinhardt, 1955.

   ■. The Sin of Father Amaro. Nan Flanagan, trans. London: Max Reinhardt, 1962.

   ■. The Maias. Patricia McGowan Pinheiro, trans. London: Bodley Head, 1965.

   ■. The Illustrious House of Ramires. Ann Stevens, trans. London: Bodley Head, 1968.

   ■. Letters from England. Ann Stevens, trans. London: Bodley Head, 1970.

   ■. To the Capital. John Vetch, trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1995.

   ■ Quental, Antero de. Sixty-four Sonnets. Edgar Prestage, trans. London: David Nutt, 1894.

   ■ Redol, Alves. The Man with Seven Names. L. L. Barrett, trans. New York: Knopf, 1964.

   ■ Resende, André de. André deResende's 'Poema Latina'/ 'Latinpoems.' J. C. R. Martyn, ed. and trans. Lewiston N.Y.: Lampeter and Edwin Mellen, 1998. Ribeiro, Aquilino. When the Wolves Howl. Patricia McGowan Pinheiro, trans. New York: Macmillan; London: Cape, 1963. Sá Carneiro, Mário de. The Great Shadow ( and Other Stories). Margaret Jull Costa, trans. Sawtry, U.K.: Dedalus, 1996. Santareno, Bernardo. The Promise. Nelson H. Vieira, trans. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1981.

   ■ Saramago, José. Baltasar and Blimunda. Giovanni Pontiero, trans. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1987.

   ■. The Stone Raft. Giovanni Pontiero, trans. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1991.

   ■. The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis. Giovanni Pontiero, trans. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1991.

   ■. The History of the Siege of Lisbon. Giovanni Pontiero, trans. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1996.

   ■. Blindness. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1999.

   ■. Tale of the Unknown Island. New York: Harcourt Brace, 2000.

   ■. All the Names. Margaret Jull Costa, trans. New York: Harcourt, 2000.

   ■. Journey to Portugal. New York: Harcourt Brace, 2001.

   ■ Sena, Jorge de. The Poetry of Jorge de Sena: A Bilingual Selection. Frederick G. Williams et al., trans. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Mudborn Press, 1980.

   ■. By the Rivers of Babylon and Other Stories. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1989.

   ■ Vicente, Gil. Four Plays of Gil Vicente: Edited from the Editio Princeps ( 1562). Aubrey F. G. Bell, ed. and trans. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1920.

   ■. Lyrics of Gil Vicente. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Hispanic Notes and Monographs, Portuguese Series 1, 1921.

   ■. The Play of Rubena. Jack E. Tomlins, trans.; Rene P. Garay and José I. Suarez, eds. New York: National Hispanic Foundation for Humanities, 1993.

   ■. The Boat Plays. David Johnston, trans. and adaptation. London: Oberon, 1996.

   ■. Three Discovery Plays. Anthony Lappin, trans. Warminster, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1997.

   ■ Vieira, António. Dust Thou Art. Rev. W. Anderson, trans. London, 1882.

   ■ Portuguese and Portuguese-American Cooking: Cuisine

   ■ Anderson, Jean. Food of Portugal. New York: Hearst, 1994. Asselin, E. Donald. A Portuguese-American Cookbook. Rutland, Vt.: Charles E. Tuttle, 1966.

   ■ Bourne, Ursula. Portuguese Cookery. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1973. Crato, Maria Helena Tavares. Cozinha Portuguesa I, II. Lisbon: Editorial Presença, 1978.

   ■ Dienhart, Miriam, and Anne Emerson, ed. Cooking in Portugal. Cascais: American Women of Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Feibleman, Peter S. The Cooking of Spain and Portugal. New York: Time-Life Books; Foods of the World, 1969.

   ■ Koehler, Margaret H. Recipes from the Portuguese of Provincetown. Riverside, Conn.: Chatham Press, 1973. Manjny, Maite. The Home Book of Portuguese Cookery. London: Faber & Faber, 1974.

   ■ Marques, Susan Lowndes. Good Food from Spain and Portugal. London: Muller, 1956.

   ■ Modesto, Maria de Lourdes. Cozinha Tradicional Portuguesa. Lisbon: Verbo, 1982.

   ■ Ortiz, Elisabeth Lambert. The Food of Spain and Portugal. The Complete Iberian Cuisine. New York: Atheneum, 1989. Pinto, Elvira. La Bonne Cuisine Portugaise. Paris: Edicions Garanciere, 1985.

   ■ Robertson, Carol. Portuguese Cooking: The Authentic and Robust Cuisine of Portugal. Berkeley Calif.: North Atlantic, 1993. Schmaeling, Tony. The Cooking of Spain and Portugal. Ware, U.K.: Omega, 1983.

   ■ Vieira, Édite. The Taste of Portugal. London: Robinson, 1989.

   ■ Von Treskow, Maria. Zü Gast in Portugal: Eine Kulnarische Reise in Garten Europas. Weingarten: Kunstverlag, 1989. Wright, Carol. Portuguese Food. London: Dent, 1969.

   ■. Self-catering in Portugal: Making the Most of Local Food and Drink. London: Croom Helm, 1986.

   ■ Gardens and Gardening of Portugal and Madeira

   ■ Afonso, Simonetta Luz, and Angela Delaforce. Palace of Queluz— The Gardens. Lisbon, 1989.

   ■ Araújo, Iluídio Alves de. Arte Paisagista e Arte das Jardins em Portugal. Lisbon, 1962.

   ■ Azeredo, Francisco de. Casas Senhoriais Portuguesas. Barcelos, 1986.

   ■ Binney, Marcus. Country Manors of Portugal. New York: Scala Books, 1987.

   ■ Bowe, Patrick, and Nicolas Sapieha. Gardens of Portugal. New York: Scala Books and Harper and Row, 1989.

   ■ Cane, Florence du. The Flowers and Gardens of Madeira. London, 1924.

   ■ Cardoso, Pedro Homem, and Helder Carita. Da Grandeza das Jardins em Portugal. Lisbon, 1987.

   ■ Carita, Helder, and Homem Cardoso. Portuguese Gardens. London: Antique Collector's Club, 1987.

   ■ Costa, António da, and Luís de O. Franquinho. Madeira: Plantas e Floras. Funchal, 1986.

   ■ Nichols, Rose Standish. Spanish and Portuguese Gardens. Boston, 1926.

   ■ Pereira, Arthur D. Sintra and Its Farm Manors. Sintra, 1983.

   ■ Sampaio, Gonçalo. Flora Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1946.

   ■ Sitwell, Sacheverell. Portugal and Madeira. London: Batsford, 1945.

   ■ Underwood, John, and Pat Underwood. Landscapes of Madeira. London, 1980.

   ■ Vieira, Rui. Flowers of Madeira. Funchal, 1973.

   ■ Viterbo, Francisco Marques de Sousa. A Jardinagem em Portugal, 2 vols. Coimbra, 1906-9.

   ■ Education, Science, Health, and Medical History

   ■ Albuquerque, Luís de. Estudos de História, 3 vols. Coimbra, 1973-81.

   ■. Ciência e experiência nos Descobrimentos portugueses. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■. Para a História de Ciência em Portugal. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■. As Navegaçoes E A Sua Projecção Na Ciência E Na Cultura. Lisbon, 1987.

   ■ Baião, Antônio. Episódios Dramáticos da Inquisição Portuguesa, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1936-55.

   ■ Cabreira, Antônio. Portugal nos mares e nas ciências. Lisbon, 1929. Carvalho, Rômulo de. A Astronomia em Portugal (séc. xviii). Lisbon, 1985. Fernandes, Barahona. Egas Moniz: Pioneiro de descobrimentos médicos. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■ Gaitonde, P. D. Portuguese Pioneers in India: Spotlight on Medicine. London: Sangam Books, 1983.

   ■ Hanson, Carl A. "Portuguese Cosmology in the Late Seventeenth Century." In Benjamin F. Taggie and Richard W. Clement, eds., Iberia & the Mediterranean, 75-85. Warrensburg: Central Missouri State University, 1989.

   ■ Higgins, Michael H., and Charles F. S. de Winton. Survey of Education in Portugal. London, 1942.

   ■ Hirsch, Elizabeth Feist. Damião de Góis: The Life and Thought of a Portuguese Humanist. The Hague, 1967.

   ■ Lemos, Maximiano. Arquivos de História da Medicina Portuguesa. Several vols. Lisbon, 1886-1923. Vol. I. História da Medicina em Portugal. Doutrina e Instituições. Lisbon, 1899.

   ■ Mira, Matias Ferreira de. História da Medicina Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1948.

   ■ Orta, Garcia de. Colóquios dos Simples e Drogas e Cousas Medicinais da India. Conde de Ficalho, ed., 2 vols. Lisbon, 1891-95.

   ■ Osório, J. Pereira. História e Desenvolvimento da Ciência em Portugal, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1986-89.

   ■ Pina, Luís de. "Uma prioridade portuguesa do século XVI. João de Barros e a Dactiloscópia Oriental." Arquivo da Repartição de Antropologia Criminal IV (1936).

   ■. "As Ciências na História do Império Colonial Português — Séculos XV a XIX." Anais de Faculdade de Ciências do Porto ( 1939-10).

   ■. "Os Portugueses Mestres de Ciência e Metras no Estrangeiro." Actas do Congresso do Mundo Português. Lisbon, 1940.

   ■. "A Ciência em Portugal (bosquejo Histórico)." In Secretariado Nacional da Informação, ed., Portugal: Breviário Da Pátria Para Os Portugueses Ausentes, 277-301. Lisbon, 1946.

   ■ Richards, Robert A. C., ed. Guide to World Science: Vol. 9: Spain and Portugal, 2nd ed. Guernsey, U.K.: F. H. Books, 1974.

   ■ Saraiva, António José. História da Cultura em Portugal, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1950-62.

   ■ ———. "João de Barros." In Serrao, ed., Dicionário de História de Portugal 1 (1963): 307-8.

   ■ Silvestre Ribeiro, José. História dos Establecimentos Scientíficos, Literários e Artísticos de Portugal nos Successivos Reinados da Monarchia, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1871-83.

   ■ Veiga-Pires, J. A., and Ronald G. Grainger, eds. Pioneers in Angiography: The Portuguese School ofAngiography. Lancaster, U.K.: MTP Press, 1982.

   ■ Walker, Timothy. "Doctors, Folk Medicine and the Inquisition: The Repression of Popular Healing in Portugal during the Enlightenment Era." Ph.D. dissertation, History Department, Boston University, 2001.

   ■ Feminism and Women's Studies

   ■ Barbosa, Madelena. "Women in Portugal." Women's Studies International Quarterly 4 (1981): 477-80.

   ■ Barreno, Maria Isabel, Maria Teresa Horta, and Maria Velho da Costa. Novas Cartas Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1972.

   ■ ———. The Three Marias. New Portuguese Letters. Helen R. Lane, trans. New York: Doubleday, 1975.

   ■ Brettell, Caroline B. We Have Already Cried Many Tears: The Stories of Three Portuguese Migrant Women. Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman, 1982.

   ■ Ferreira, Virginia. "Engendering Portugal: Social Change, State Politics, and Women's Social Mobilization." In António Costa Pinto, ed., Modern Portugal, 162-88. Palo Alto, Calif.: SPOSS, 1998.

   ■ Goodwin, Mary. "Portuguese Feminism." Portuguese Studies Newsletter 17 (Spring-Summer 1987): 12-13.

   ■ Lamas, Maria. As Mulheres do Meu País. Lisbon, 1948.

   ■ "Mulheres Portuguesas e Feminismo." Análise Social [special number on Portuguese Women and Feminism] 22 (1986): 92-93.

   ■ Osório, Ana de Castro. As Mulheres Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1905.

   ■ Sadlier, Darlene J. The Question of How: Women Writers and New Portuguese Literature. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood; Contributions in Women's Studies, no. 109, 1989.

   ■ Silva, Manuela. The Employment of Women in Portugal. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications, European Communities, 1984. Velho da Costa, Maria. Maina Mendes. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■ Vicente, Ana, and Maria Reynolds de Souza. Family Planning in Portugal. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■ Religion and Catholic Church

   ■ Almeida, Fortunato de. História da Igreja em Portugal. 6 vols. Coimbra, 1910-24, and Oporto, 1967-72. Alonso, Joaquim Maria. The Secret of Fátima: Fact and Legend. Cambridge, Mass.: Ravengate Press, 1979. Alves, José da Felicidade, ed. Católicos e política de Humberto Delgado à Marcelo Caetano. Lisbon, 1969. Araújo, Miguel de, ed. Dicionario político; 1; Os Bispos e a revoluçao de Abril. Lisbon, 1976. Bishko, Charles Julian. Spanish and Portuguese Monastic History 600-1300. London, Variorum Reprints, 1984.

   ■ Blanshard, Paul. Freedom and Catholic Power in Spain and Portugal. Boston: Beacon Press, 1962.

   ■ Boxer, C. R. The Church Militant and Iberian Expansion 1440-1770. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978. Bruneau, Thomas C. "Church and State in Portugal: Crises of Cross and Sword." Journal of Church and State XVIII (1976): 463-90. Freire, José Geraldes. Resistência Católico ao Salazarismo-Marcelismo. Oporto, 1976.

   ■ Herculano, Alexandre. History of the Origin and Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal. John C. Banner, trans. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1962.

   ■ IPOPE. Estudo sobre liberdade e religião em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973. Johnston, Francis. Fátima: The Great Sign. Chulmleigh, U.K.: Augustine Publications, 1980.

   ■ Kondor, Fr. Louis. Fátima in Lucia's Own Words: Sister Lucia's Memoirs. Fatima: Postulation Center, 1976. Lourenço, Joaquim Maria. Situação jurídica da Igreja em Portugal. Coimbra, 1943.

   ■ Mattoso, José. Religião e Cultura na Idade Média Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1982. Miller, Samuel J. Portugal and Rome c. 1748-1830: An Aspect of Catholic Enlightenment. Rome: Universita Gregoriana Editrice, 1978. O'Malley, John W. The First Jesuits. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993.

   ■ Pattee, Richard. Portugal and the Portuguese World. Milwaukee, Wisc.: Bruce, 1957.

   ■ Prestage, Edgar. Portugal: A Pioneer of Christianity. Lisbon, 1945.

   ■ Richard, Robert. Etudes sur l'histoire morale et religieuse de Portugal. Paris: Centro Cultural de Gulbenkian, 1970.

   ■ Robinson, Richard A. H. "The Religious Question and Catholic Revival in Portugal, 1900-1930." Journal of Contemporary History XII (1977): 345-62.

   ■. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.

   ■ Rodrigues, R. P. Francisco. História da Companhia de Jesus na Assistência de Portugal, 7 vols. Lisbon, 1931-50.

   ■ Roth, Cecil. A History of the Marranos. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1932.

   ■ Agriculture, Viticulture, and Fishing

   ■ Abreu-Ferreira, Darlene. "The Portuguese in Newfoundland: Documentary Evidence Examined." Portuguese Studies Review 4, 1 (1995-96): 11-33.

   ■ Allen, H. Warner. The Wines of Portugal. London: Michael Joseph, 1963.

   ■ Barros, Afonso de. A reforma agrária em Portugal. Oeiras, 1979.

   ■ Beamish, Huldine V. The Hills of Alentejo. London: Geoffrey Bles, 1958.

   ■ Bennett, Norman R. "The Golden Age of the Port Wine System, 1781-1807." The International History Review XII (1990): 221-18.

   ■ Black, Richard. "The Myth of Subsistence: Market Production in the Small Farm Sector of Northern Portugal." Iberian Studies 1, 8 (1989): 25-41.

   ■ Bravo, Pedro, and Duarte de Oliveira. Viticulture Moderna. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■. Vinhas e Vinhos De Portugal. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Cabral, Manuel V. "Agrarian Structures and Recent Movements in Portugal." Journal of Peasant Studies 4, 5 (July 1978): 411-45.

   ■ Cardoso, José Carvalho. A Agricultura Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1973.

   ■ Carvalho, Bento de. Guía Dos Vinhos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1982.

   ■ Clarke, Robert. Open Boat Whaling in the Azores: The History and Present Methods of a Relic Industry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954.

   ■ Cockburn, Ernest. Port Wine and Oporto. London: Wine & Spirit, 1949. Cole, S. C. "Cod, Cod Country and Family: The Portuguese Newfoundland Fishery." Mast 3, 1 (1990): 1-29.

   ■ Coull, James. The Fisheries of Europe. London: G. Bell & Sons, 1972.

   ■ Croft-Cooke, Rupert. Port. London: Putnam, 1957.

   ■. Madeira. London: Putnam, 1961.

   ■ Delaforce, John. The Factory House at Oporto. London: Christie's Wine Publications, 1979 and later eds.

   ■ Doel, Patricia A. Port O'Call: Memories of the Portuguese White Fleet in St. John's Newfoundland. St. John's, Newfoundland: ISER, 1992.

   ■ Fletcher, Wyndham. Port: An Introduction to Its History and Delights. London: Bernet, 1978.

   ■ Francis, A. D. The Wine Trade. London: Adam and Charles Black, 1972.

   ■ Freitas, Eduardo, João Ferreira de Almeida, and Manuel Villaverde Cabral. Modalidades de penetração do capitalismo na agricultura: estruturas agrárias em Portugal Continental, 1950-1970. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■ Gonçalves, Francisco Esteves. Portugal: A Wine Country. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■ Gulbenkian Foundation. Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.

   ■ Kurlansky, Mark. Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World. New York: Walker, 1997.

   ■ Malefakis, Edward. "Two Iberian Land Reforms Compared: Spain, 1931-1936 and Portugal, 1974—1978." In Gulbenkian Foundation, Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.

   ■ Moreira da Fonseca, A. Port Wine: Notes on Its History, Production and Technology. Oporto, 1981.

   ■ Moutinho, M. História da pesca do bacalhau. Lisbon: Imprensa Universitária, 1985.

   ■ Oliveira Marques, A. H. de. lntrodução a história da agricultura em Portugal.

   ■ Lisbon, 1968. Pato, Octávio. O Vinho. Lisbon, 1971.

   ■ Pearson, Scott R. Portuguese Agriculture in Transition. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1987.

   ■ Postgate, Raymond. Portuguese Wine. London: Dent, 1969.

   ■ Read, Jan. The Wines of Portugal. London: Faber & Faber, 1982.

   ■ Robertson, George. Port. London: Faber & Faber, 1982 ed.

   ■ Rutledge, Ian. "Land Reform and the Portuguese Revolution." Journal of Peasant Studies 5, 1 (Oct. 1977): 79-97.

   ■ Sanceau, Elaine. The British Factory at Oporto. Oporto, 1970.

   ■ Simon, Andre L. Port. London: Constable, 1934.

   ■ Simões, J. Os grandes trabalhadores do Mar: Reportagens na Terra Nova e na Groenlândia. Lisbon: Gazeta dos Caminho de Ferro, 1942.

   ■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992: Special Report. New York: Camões Center/RIIC, Columbia University, 1990.

   ■ Stanislawski, Dan. Landscapes of Bacchus: The Vine in Portugal. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1970.

   ■ Teixeira, Carlos, and Victor M. Pereira da Rosa, eds. The Portuguese in Canada: From the Seat to the City. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000.

   ■ Unwin, Tim. "Farmers' Perceptions of Agrarian Change in Northwest Portugal." Journal of Rural Studies 1, 4 (1985): 339-57.

   ■ Valadão do Valle, E. Bacalhau: tradições históricas e económicos. Lisbon, 1991.

   ■ Venables, Bernard. Baleia! The Whalers of Azores. London: Bodley Head, 1968.

   ■ Villiers, Alan. The Quest of the Schooner Argus: A Voyage to the Banks and Greenland. New York: Scribners, 1951. World Bank. Portugal: Agricultural Survey. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.

   ■ ECONOMY, INDUSTRY, AND DEVELOPMENT

   ■ Aiyer, Srivain, and Shahid A. Chandry. Portugal and the E.E.C.: Employment and Implications. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Baklanoff, Eric N. The Economic Transformation of Spain and Portugal. New York: Praeger, 1978.

   ■. "Changing Systems: The Portuguese Revolution and the Public Enterprise Sector." ACES ( Association of Comparative Economic Studies) Bulletin 26 (Summer-Fall 1984): 63-76.

   ■. "Portugal's Political Economy: Old and New." In K. Maxwell and M. Haltzel, eds., Portugal: Ancient Country, Young Democracy, 37-59. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.

   ■ Barbosa, Manuel P. Growth, Migration and the Balance of Payments in a Small, Open Economy. New York: Garland, 1984.

   ■ Braga de Macedo, Jorge, and Simon Serfaty, eds. Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981.

   ■ Carvalho, Camilo, et al. Sabotagem Econômica: " Dossier" Banco Espírito Santo e Comercial de Lisboa. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Corkill, David. The Development of the Portuguese Economy: A Case of Euro-peanization. London: Routledge, 1999.

   ■ Cravinho, João. "The Portuguese Economy: Constraints and Opportunities." In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s, 111-65. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Dornsbusch, Rudiger, Richard S. Eckhaus, and Lane Taylor. "Analysis and Projection of Macroeconomic Conditions in Portugal." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 299-330. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.

   ■ The Economist (London). "On the Edge of Europe: A Survey of Portugal." (June 30, 1981): 3-27.

   ■. "Coming Home: A Survey of Portugal." (May 28, 1988).

   ■. 'The New Iberia: Not Quite Kissing Cousins" [Spain and Portugal]. (May 5, 1990): 21-24.

   ■ Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian and German Marshall Fund of the U.S., eds. II Conferência Internacional sobre e Economia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Hudson, Mark. Portugal to 1993: Investing in a European Future. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit/Special Report No. 11 57/EIU Economic Prospects Series, 1989.

   ■ International Labour Office (ILO). Employment and Basic Needs in Portugal. Geneva: ILO, 1979.

   ■ Kavalsky, Basil, and Surendra Agarwal. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.

   ■ Krugman, Paul, and Jorge Braga de Macedo. "The Economic Consequences of the April 25th Revolution." Economia III (1979): 455-83.

   ■ Lewis, John R., and Alan M. Williams. "The Sines Project: Portugal's Growth Centre or White Elephant?" Town Planning Review 56, 3 (1985): 339-66.

   ■ Makler, Harry M. "The Consequences of the Survival and Revival of the Industrial Bourgeoisie." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 251-83. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Marques, A. La Politique Economique Portugaise dans la Période de la Dictature ( 1926-1974). Doctoral thesis, 3rd cycle, University of Grenoble, France, 1980.

   ■ Martins, B. Sociedades e grupos em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973.

   ■ Mata, Eugenia, and Nuno Valério. História Econômica De Portugal: Uma Perspectiva Global. Lisbon: Edit. Presença, 1994. Murteira, Mário. "The Present Economic Situation: Its Origins and Prospects." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 331-42. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979. OCED. Economic Survey: Portugal: 1988. Paris: OCED, 1988 [see also this series since 1978].

   ■ Pasquier, Albert. L'Economie du Portugal: Données et Problémes de Son Expansion. Paris: Librarie Generale de Droit, 1961. Pereira da Moura, Francisco. Para onde vai e economia portuguesa? Lisbon, 1973.

   ■ Pintado, V. Xavier. Structure and Growth of the Portuguese Economy. Geneva: EFTA, 1964.

   ■ Pitta e Cunha, Paulo. "Portugal and the European Economic Community." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 321-38. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■. "The Portuguese Economic System and Accession to the European Community." In E. Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-1984, 281-300. Lisbon, 1985. Porto, Manuel. "Portugal: Twenty Years of Change." In Alan Williams, ed., Southern Europe Transformed, 84-112. London: Harper & Row, 1984. Quarterly Economic Review. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit, 1974-present.

   ■ Salgado de Matos, Luís. Investimentos Estrangeiros em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973 and later eds.

   ■ Schmitt, Hans O. Economic Stabilisation and Growth in Portugal. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, 1981.

   ■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992. New York: Camões Center, RIIC, Columbia University, 1989.

   ■ Tillotson, John. The Portuguese Bank Note Case [ 1920s]: Legal, Economic and Financial Approaches to the Measure of Damages in Contract. Manchester, U.K.: Faculty of Law, University of Manchester, 1992.

   ■ Tovias, Alfred. Foreign Economic Relations of the Economic Community: The Impact of Spain and Portugal. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1990.

   ■ Valério, Nuno. A moeda em Portugal, 1913-1947. Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1984.

   ■. As Finanças Públicas Portuguesas Entre As Duas Guerras Mundiais. Lisbon: Cosmos, 1994.

   ■ World Bank. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978 and to the present.

   ■ PHOTOGRAPHY ON PORTUGAL

   ■ Alves, Afonso Manuel, Antônio Sacchetti, and Moura Machado. Lisboa. Lisbon, 1991.

   ■ Antunes, José. Lisboa do nosso olhar; A look on Lisbon. Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1991. Beaton, Cecil. Near East. London: Batsford, 1943.

   ■. Lisboa 1942: Cecil Beaton, Lisbon 1942. Lisbon: British Historical Society of Portugal/Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1995.

   ■ Bottineau, Yves. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1957.

   ■ Câmara Municipal de Lisboa. 7 Olhares ( Seven Viewpoints). Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1998.

   ■ Capital, A. Lisboa: Imagens d'A Capital. Lisbon: Edit. Notícias, 1984.

   ■ Dias, Marina Tavares. Photographias de Lisboa, 1900 ( Photographs of Lisbon, 1900). Lisbon: Quimera, 1991.

   ■. Os melhores postais antigos de Lisboa ( The best old postcards of Lisbon). Lisbon: Químera, 1995.

   ■ Finlayson, Graham, and Frank Tuohy. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1970.

   ■ Glassner, Helga. Portugal. Berlin-Zurich: Atlantis-Verlag, 1942. Hopkinson, Amanda, ed. Reflections by Ten Portuguese photographers. Bark-way, U.K.: Frontline/Portugal 600, 1996.

   ■ Lima, Luís Leiria, and Isabel Salema. Lisboa de Pedra e Bronze. Lisbon, 1990.

   ■ Martins, Miguel Gomes. Lisboa ribeirinha ( Riverside Lisbon). Lisbon: Arquivo Municipal, Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, Livros Horizonte, 1994. Vieira, Alice. Esta Lisboa ( This Lisbon). Lisbon: Caminho, 1994. Wohl, Hellmut, and Alice Wohl. Portugal. London: Frederick Muller, 1983.

   ■ EQUESTRIANISM

   ■ Andrade, Manoel Carlos de, Luz da Liberal e Nobre Arte da Cavallaria. Lisbon, 1790.

   ■ Graciosa, Filipe. Escola Portuguesa de Arte Equestre. Lisbon, 2004.

   ■ Horsetalk Magazine. Published in New Zealand.

   ■ Oliveira, Nuno. Reflections on the Equestrian Art. London, 2000.

   ■ Russell, Eleanor, ed. The Truth in the Teaching of Nuno Oliveira. Stanhope,

   ■ Queensland, Australia, 2003. Vilaca, Luis V., and Pedro Yglesias d'Oliveira, eds. LUSITANO. Coudelarias De Portugal. O Cavalo ancestral do Sudoeste da Europa. Lisbon: ICONOM, 2005.

   ■ Websites of interest: www.equestrian.pt portugalweb.com

Historical dictionary of Portugal > CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE
5 share

̈ɪʃɛə I
1. сущ.
1) доля, часть;
квота a share in ≈ доля в( чем-л.) to do one's share ≈ вложить свою долю;
войти в долю to go shares in smth. with smb. ≈ делиться чем-л. с кем-л. поровну to have a share in the profits ≈ иметь долю в прибыли equal share ≈ равная доля share of the responsibility ≈ доля ответственности fair share full share large share lion's share major share
2) участие;
роль All of us had a share in making the decision. ≈ Каждый из нас может участвовать в принятии решения.
3) акция;
доля, пай, часть on shares ≈ на паях ordinary shares preference shares
4) доля, удел, участь She has had her fair share of tragedies in her life. ≈ На ее долю выпало в жизни много трагедий.
5) дележ, дележка ∙ share and share alike
2. гл.
1) а) делить, распределять;
разделять (тж. share out) to share the money equally between two brothers ≈ поделить деньги поровну между двумя братьями б) делиться to share one's sandwich with smb. ≈ поделиться с кем-л. бутербродом to share one's problems with smb. ≈ поделиться с кем-л. своими проблемами в) разделять (smth. with smb. - с кем-л. что-л.) ;
использовать совместно to ` a house with four other people ≈ жить в одном доме вместе с четырьмя другими людьми Bill and I shared an office for years. ≈ мы с Биллом работаем в одном офисе уже много лет.
2) а) участвовать (в чем-л.;
тж. share in) Shall we share the driving? ≈ Мы по очереди поведем машину? Newspapers help us to share in the events of the outside world. ≈ Газеты помогают нам принимать участие в событиях, происходящих в мире. Syn: participate, partake б) иметь долю или часть;
быть пайщиком
3) перен. разделять а) (мнение, вкусы и т. п.) присоединяться I share your opinion. ≈ Я разделяю Ваше мнение. б) (чужое горе и т. п.) сопереживать All your neighbours share in your sorrow at the loss of your son. ≈ Все соседи разделяют Ваше горе в связи с потерей сына. II сущ.;
с.-х. лемех, сошник( плуга) доля, часть - one's * of the expences чья-л. доля расходов - to get one's due * of smth. получить полагающуюся часть /долю/ чего-л. - he got his full * он получил свою долю сполна - to give due * of the credit воздать должное - to go /to run, to club/ *s (with smb. in smth.) честно поделиться (чем-л. с кем-л.), делить поровну /пополам/ (что-л. с кем-л.) - I'll go *s with you on that dinner расходы по обеду мы с вами разделим поровну - to take /to go/ smth. * and * alike делить поровну /по-братски/ доля, удел - to fall to smb.'s * выпадать на чью-л. долю, стать чьим-л. уделом - I have had my * of worries на мою долю выпало немало злоключений участие, роль - to have /to take, to bear/ a /one's/ * in smth. принимать участие в чем-л. - to take a * in the conversation участвовать в беседе, вступить в разговор - what * had he in their success? какую роль он сыграл в их успехе? - he had no * in the plot он не принимал участия в заговоре - he must bear his * of responsibility он должен нести свою долю ответственности - he has had no small * in framing the destinies of our country он сыграл не последнюю роль в определении судьбы нашей родины акция;
пай - to hold *s in a company иметь акции какой-л. компании - co-op * пай в кооперативе - * to bearer акция на предъявителя - * certificate акционерный сертификат, свидетельство на акцию - to allot *s распределять акции (по подписке) - *s have fallen курсы акций упали > *s! чур, поровну! > for my * (редкое) что касается меня (тж. * out) делить, распределять - to * smth. equally поделить что-л. поровну - to * smth. among five men поделить что-л. на пять человек /на пятерых/ делить, разделять (с кем-л. что-л.) - to * smth. with smb. (по) делиться чем-л. с кем-л. - to * one's bread with smb. поделиться с кем-л. хлебом - only we two *d this secret только мы двое знали эту тайну - we * everything у нас все общее - let me * your knowledge поделись со мной своими знаниями - the two chemists *d the Nobel prize Нобелевская премия была присуждена совместно этим двум химикам пользоваться совместно - to * a room with smb. жить вместе /в одной комнате/ с кем-л. - to * a table сидеть за одним столом (обедать, работать и т. п.) - to * a bed делить ложе - to * an umbrella идти вдвоем под одним зонтом - we each have a room of our own but we * a bathroom у нас у каждого своя комната, но ванная одна участвовать (в чем-л.), делить - to * (in) the expenses принять участие в расходах, делить расходы - to * responsibility разделять ответственность - he *s responsibility он тоже несет ответственность - to * and * alike участвовать на равных правах - I am ready to * with you in the costs я готов разделить с вами расходы иметь долю или часть;
быть пайщиком - to * in a firm быть пайщиком фирмы делить (горе, радость и т. п.) - to * smb.'s lot делить с кем-л. судьбу - he *d the same fate его постигла та же участь разделять (чужое горе и т. п.) ;
сопереживать - to * (in) smb.'s grief разделять чье-л. горе;
переживать чужое горе как свое разделять (мнение, вкусы и т. п.) - to * smb.'s likes and dislikes разделять вкусы кого-л. - I * your opinion я разделяю ваше мнение, я присоединяюсь к вашему мнению (сельскохозяйственное) лемех, сошник (плуга) A ~ акция, не дающая владельцу права голоса adjusted ~ of labour in national income скорректированная доля труда в национальном доходе bank ~ банковская акция bearer ~ акция на предъявителя beneficial ~ льготная акция bonus ~ бесплатная акция bonus ~ учредительская акция capital ~ акция capital ~ доля капитала в национальном доходе capture market ~ захватывать долю рынка carried ~ перенесенная доля co-ownership ~ доля совместного владения common ~ обычная акция cumulative preference ~ кумулятивная привилегированная акция cumulative ~ кумулятивная акция deferred ~ акция с отсроченным дивидендом employee ~ scheme программа распределения акций среди работников equity per ~ доля собственного капитала, приходящаяся на акцию equity ~ доля акционерного капитала equity ~ обыкновенная акция equity ~ capital акционерный капитал exempt ~ свободный пай founder's ~ отсроченная акция fractional ~ дробная акция fractional ~ частичная акция to go shares (in smth.) (with smb.) делиться (чем-л. с кем-л.) поровну gross ~ общая доля ~ участие;
he does more than his share of the work он делает больше, чем должен ( или чем от него требуется) ~ доля, часть;
he has a large share of self-esteem у него очень развито чувство собственного достоинства he would ~ his last penny with me он поделился бы со мной последним пенсом;
to share a room (with smb.) жить в одной комнате (с кем-л.) home market ~ доля на внутреннем рынке initial ~ первая акция inscribed ~ именная акция investment trust ~ акция инвестиционного фонда issue a ~ выпускать акцию listed ~ акция, котирующаяся на бирже market ~ удельный вес компании в обороте рынка market ~ удельный вес товара в обороте рынка minimum ~ минимальная доля minority shareholders' ~ доля акционеров, не владеющих контрольным пакетом акций multiple voting ~ акция с несколькими голосами mutual fund ~ доля во взаимном фонде new ~ новая акция no-par value ~ акция без фиксированного номинала nominal ~ именная акция nominal ~ разрешенная к выпуску акция nominative ~ именная акция noncash ~ акция, купленная по безналичному расчету nonspecific ~ неоговоренная доля nonvoting ~ акция, не дающая владельцу право голоса oil ~ акция нефтяной компании share акция;
пай;
on shares на паях;
preferred shares привилегированные акции;
share and share alike на равных правах;
shares! чур, поровну! ordinary ~ обыкновенная акция, акция с нефиксированным дивидендом outstanding ~ акция, выпущенная в обращение outstanding ~ неоплаченная акция parent ~ акция родительской компании participating preference ~ привилегированная акция участия partner's ~ доля пайщика partnership ~ доля в товариществе partnership ~ доля участия percentage ~ доля в процентах personal ~ личная доля preferential ~ привилегированная акция preferred ordinary ~ привилегированная обыкновенная акция share акция;
пай;
on shares на паях;
preferred shares привилегированные акции;
share and share alike на равных правах;
shares! чур, поровну! pro rata ~ пропорциональная доля profit ~ доля прибыли proportional ~ пропорциональная доля quota ~ долевое участие railway ~ акция железнодорожной компании rateable ~ доля собственности, облагаемая налогом reacquired ~ вновь приобретенная акция redeem a ~ выкупать акцию redeemable preference ~ привилегированная акция, подлежащая выкупу redeemable ~ акция, подлежащая выкупу registered mining ~ зарегистрированная акция горнодобывающей компании registered ~ зарегистрированная акция registered ~ именная акция reinsurance ~ доля участия в перестраховании repayment ~ доля погашения retire a ~ выкупать акцию share акция;
пай;
on shares на паях;
preferred shares привилегированные акции;
share and share alike на равных правах;
shares! чур, поровну! ~ акция ~ быть пайщиком ~ делить(ся), распределять (тж. share out) ;
to share money among five men поделить деньги на пять человек;
they shared the secret они были посвящены в эту тайну ~ делить ~ делиться ~ доля, часть;
he has a large share of self-esteem у него очень развито чувство собственного достоинства ~ доля, часть ~ доля ~ доля собственности ~ доля участия ~ иметь долю ~ иметь часть ~ лемех, сошник (плуга) ~ пай, участие, доля участия ~ пай ~ разделять (мнение, вкусы и т. п.) ~ вчт. разделять ~ распределять ~ участвовать;
быть пайщиком (тж. share in) ;
to share profits участвовать в прибылях ~ участвовать ~ участие;
he does more than his share of the work он делает больше, чем должен (или чем от него требуется) ~ участие ~ часть he would ~ his last penny with me он поделился бы со мной последним пенсом;
to share a room (with smb.) жить в одной комнате (с кем-л.) share акция;
пай;
on shares на паях;
preferred shares привилегированные акции;
share and share alike на равных правах;
shares! чур, поровну! ~ for own account относить на собственный счет ~ in cooperative доля собственности в кооперативе ~ in cooperative enterprise доля собственности в кооперативном предприятии ~ in excess of par акция стоимостью выше номинала ~ in inheritance доля в наследстве ~ in legacy доля в завещательном отказе движимости ~ in private company доля в акционерном капитале частной компании ~ in profits доля в прибылях ~ in ship доля собственности на судно ~ делить(ся), распределять (тж. share out) ;
to share money among five men поделить деньги на пять человек;
they shared the secret они были посвящены в эту тайну ~ of costs доля затрат ~ of dwelling доля домовладения ~ of expenses доля затрат ~ of exports доля экспорта ~ of ownership доля собственности ~ of participation доля участия ~ of payment разделение оплаты( при разделении рабочего места между двумя или более работниками) ~ of payment разделение социальных выплат (например, между государственным и благотворительными фондами) ~ of proceeds доля выручки ~ of profits доля прибыли ~ of profits часть прибыли ~ of result доля результата ~ of stock акция ~ of stock доля в акционерном капитале ~ of the market доля рынка ~ участвовать;
быть пайщиком (тж. share in) ;
to share profits участвовать в прибылях share акция;
пай;
on shares на паях;
preferred shares привилегированные акции;
share and share alike на равных правах;
shares! чур, поровну! shares: shares акционерный капитал small-denomination ~ акция с низкой номинальной стоимостью subdivided ~ разделенная акция suspend a ~ приостанавливать операции с определенными акциями ~ делить(ся), распределять (тж. share out) ;
to share money among five men поделить деньги на пять человек;
they shared the secret они были посвящены в эту тайну tied ~ связанная акция undivided ~ право на долю vendor's ~ доля поставщика vendor's ~ пай продавца во взаимном фонде voting ~ акция, дающая владельцу право голоса wage ~ доля заработной платы( в национальном доходе)

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > share
6 business

noun

1) (trading operation) Geschäft, das; (company, firm) Betrieb, der; (large) Unternehmen, das

2) no pl. (buying and selling) Geschäfte Pl.

on business — geschäftlich

he's in the wool business — er ist in der Wollbranche

business is business — (fig.) Geschäft ist Geschäft

set up in business — ein Geschäft od. eine Firma gründen

go out of business — pleite gehen (ugs.)

go into business — Geschäftsmann/-frau werden

do business [with somebody] — [mit jemandem] Geschäfte machen

be in business — Geschäftsmann/-frau sein

3) (task, duty, province) Aufgabe, die; Pflicht, die

that is my business/none of your business — das ist meine Angelegenheit/nicht deine Sache

what business is it of yours? — was geht Sie das an?

mind your own business — kümmere dich um deine [eigenen] Angelegenheiten!

he has no business to do that — er hat kein Recht, das zu tun

4) (matter to be considered) Angelegenheit, die

‘any other business’ — "Sonstiges"

5) (serious work)

get down to [serious] business — [ernsthaft] zur Sache kommen; (Commerc.) an die Arbeit gehen

mean business — es ernst meinen

business before pleasure — erst die Arbeit, dann das Vergnügen

6) (derog.): (affair) Sache, die; Geschichte, die (ugs.)

* * *
['biznis]
noun

1) (occupation; buying and selling: Selling china is my business; The shop does more business at Christmas than at any other time.) das Geschäft

2) (a shop, a firm: He owns his own business.) das Geschäft

3) (concern: Make it your business to help him; Let's get down to business (= Let's start the work etc that must be done).) die Angelegenheit

•

- academic.ru/9798/businesslike">businesslike
- businessman
- on business
* * *

busi·ness

<pl -es>

[ˈbɪznɪs]

I. n

1. no pl (commerce) Handel m, [kaufmännisches] Gewerbe

is your visit for \business or pleasure? ist ihr Besuch dienstlicher oder privater Natur?

to combine [or mix] \business with pleasure das Angenehme mit dem Nützlichen verbinden

never mix \business with pleasure Dienst ist Dienst und Schnaps ist Schnaps fam

to do \business with sb mit jdm Geschäfte machen [o geschäftliche Beziehungen unterhalten] [o Handel treiben]

to go into \business Geschäftsmann/Geschäftsfrau werden

he went into \business as a caterer er ging ins Gaststättengewerbe

to go out of \business das Geschäft aufgeben

to talk \business zur Sache kommen

on \business beruflich, dienstlich, geschäftlich

2. no pl (sales volume) Geschäft nt; (turnover) Umsatz m

how's \business at the moment? was machen die Geschäfte?

\business is booming/slow die Geschäfte gehen hervorragend/nicht gut

3. (profession) Branche f

what line of \business are you in? in welcher Branche sind Sie tätig?

4. (company) Unternehmen nt, Firma f, Betrieb m

small \business Kleinunternehmen nt

to start up [or establish] a \business ein Unternehmen gründen

5. no pl (matter) Angelegenheit f; ( fam: concern, affair) Angelegenheit f, Sache f

see [or go] about your \business ( fam) kümmere dich um deine eigenen Angelegenheiten

that's none of your \business ( fam) das geht dich nichts an

to be a time-consuming \business eine zeitraubende Angelegenheit sein

to have no \business to do [or doing] sth nicht das Recht haben, etw zu tun

to make sth one's \business sich dat etw zur Aufgabe machen

to mind one's own \business ( fam) sich akk um seine eigenen Angelegenheiten kümmern

6. no pl

to mean \business (be serious) es [wirklich] ernst meinen

7. no pl (process)

to get on with the \business of sth mit etw dat weitermachen

8. BRIT (affairs discussed) die Sitzungsthemen des Unterhauses

\business committee Unterhausausschuss m für die Einteilung der Sitzungszeit

9.

▶ to be the \business BRIT (sl) Spitze sein fam

▶ to do one's \business ( euph: person) austreten, sich akk erleichtern euph; (dog) sein Geschäft verrichten euph

▶ to do the \business BRIT (sl) es treiben sl, eine Nummer schieben sl

▶ to get down to \business zur Sache kommen

▶ to be in the \business of [doing] sth dafür zuständig sein, etw zu tun

I'm not in the \business of telling you what to do es ist nicht meine Sache, Ihnen zu sagen, was Sie zu tun haben

▶ like nobody's \business ( fam) ganz toll fam

to hurt like nobody's \business ganz arg weh tun fam

to run like nobody's \business ganz schnell rennen

▶ \business before pleasure ( prov) erst die Arbeit, dann das Vergnügen prov

▶ to be \business as usual ( prov) den gewohnten Gang gehen

▶ what a \business was für ein Umstand

II. n modifier (account, letter, meeting, partner) Geschäfts-

* * *
['bIznɪs]
n

1) no pl (= commerce) Geschäft nt; (= line of business) Branche f

to be in business — Geschäftsmann sein

I am in business with him — ich habe geschäftlich mit ihm zu tun

to go into business — Geschäftsmann werden

to go into business with sb — mit jdm ein Geschäft gründen

what line of business is she in? — was macht sie beruflich?

to be in the publishing/insurance business — im Verlagswesen/der Versicherungsbranche tätig sein

to set up in business — ein Geschäft gründen

to set up in business as a butcher/lawyer etc — sich als Fleischer/Rechtsanwalt etc niederlassen

to go out of business — zumachen

to do business with sb — Geschäfte pl mit jdm machen

business is business — Geschäft ist Geschäft

"business as usual" (during renovation etc) — das Geschäft bleibt geöffnet

it's business as usual — alles geht wie gewohnt weiter

how's business? — wie gehen die Geschäfte?

business is good — die Geschäfte gehen gut

to look for business — sich nach Aufträgen umsehen

to go to Paris on business — geschäftlich nach Paris fahren

he is here/away on business — er ist geschäftlich hier/unterwegs

to know one's business — seine Sache verstehen

to get down to business —

to combine or mix business with pleasure — das Angenehme mit dem Nützlichen verbinden

you shouldn't mix business with pleasure — man sollte Geschäftliches und Vergnügen trennen

looking for business? (asked by prostitute) — na, Süßer, wie wärs?

2) (fig inf)

now we're in business — jetzt kanns losgehen (inf)

to mean business — es ernst meinen

it's/she's the business — das/sie ist spitze (inf)

3) (= commercial enterprise) Geschäft nt, Betrieb m

a small business — ein kleines Unternehmen

a family business — ein Familienunternehmen nt

4) (= concern) Sache f, Angelegenheit f; (= task, duty also) Aufgabe f

that's my business — das ist meine Sache or Angelegenheit

that's no business of mine/yours, that's none of my/your business — das geht mich/dich nichts an

to make it one's business to do sth — es sich (dat) zur Aufgabe machen, etw zu tun

you should make it your business to see that all the products... — Sie sollten sich darum kümmern, dass alle Produkte...

you've no business doing that — du hast kein Recht, das zu tun

we are not in the business of doing that — es ist nicht unsere Aufgabe, das zu tun

to send sb about his business — jdn in seine Schranken weisen

I must be about my business (form) — ich muss( jetzt) meinen Geschäften nachgehen

See:

→ mind

5) (= difficult job) Problem nt

6) (inf: affair) Sache f

I am tired of this protest business — ich hab genug von dieser Protestiererei (inf)

moving house can be a costly/stressful business — ein Umzug kann ganz schön teuer/stressig sein

See:

→ funny

7) (THEAT) dargestellte Handlung

8) (inf: defecation of dog, child) Geschäft nt (inf)

to do one's business — sein Geschäft machen or verrichten (inf)

* * *

business [ˈbıznıs]

A s

1. Geschäft n, Beruf m, Tätigkeit f, Gewerbe n, Arbeit f:

in the music business im Musikgeschäft;

on business geschäftlich, beruflich, in Geschäften, in einer geschäftlichen Angelegenheit;

be away on business dienstlich oder geschäftlich unterwegs sein, auf Dienst- oder Geschäftsreise sein;

on the way to business auf dem Weg zur Arbeit(sstätte);

politics is a dirty business die Politik ist ein schmutziges Geschäft;

carry on business as an estate agent als Grundstücksmakler tätig sein;

discuss business über geschäftliche Dinge reden;

he knows his business er versteht sein Geschäft

2. a) Kaufmannsberuf m

b) Geschäftsleben n, Handel m:

be in business Geschäftsmann oder Kaufmann sein, ein Geschäft haben;

be back in business wieder im Geschäft sein;

go into business Kaufmann werden;

go out of business

a) das Geschäft oder seinen Beruf aufgeben,

b) den Betrieb einstellen;

business is business Geschäft ist Geschäft

3. WIRTSCH Geschäft(sgang) n(m), Geschäftsvolumen n, Umsatz m:

bad for business schlecht fürs Geschäft;

how is business? wie gehen die Geschäfte?;

business is slack das Geschäft ist flau;

business done (Börse) Umsatz(betrag) m, (tatsächlich getätigte) Abschlüsse pl;

no business (done) (Börse) ohne Umsatz;

do good business gute Geschäfte machen ( with mit);

lose business Kundschaft oder Aufträge verlieren, geschäftliche Einbußen erleiden

4. WIRTSCH Geschäft n, (Geschäfts)Unternehmen n, (-)Betrieb m, Firma f

5. (Laden)Geschäft n

6. Arbeit f, Tätigkeit f, Beschäftigung f:

business before pleasure erst die Arbeit, dann das Vergnügen;

he puts pleasure before business für ihn ist das Vergnügen wichtiger als die Arbeit; → mix A 7

7. auch business of the day Tagesordnung f

8. Sache f, Aufgabe f, Pflicht f:

that’s your business (to do) das (zu tun) ist deine Aufgabe;

make it one’s business to do sth, make a business of doing sth es sich zur Aufgabe machen, etwas zu tun

9. Angelegenheit f, Sache f:

life is a serious business das Leben ist eine ernste Angelegenheit;

that’s my business das ist meine Sache, das geht niemanden etwas an;

this is nobody’s business das geht niemanden etwas an;

this is none of your business, that is no business of yours das geht Sie nichts an;

get down to business zur Sache kommen;

I’m trying to keep out of this demonstration business umg ich versuche, mich aus der ganzen Demonstriererei herauszuhalten;

send sb about their business jemandem heimleuchten umg; → absolutely 1, mean¹ A 1, mind B 3

10. Anliegen n:

what is your business? was haben Sie auf dem Herzen?

11. Anlass m, Grund m, Berechtigung f:

you have no business doing ( oder to do) that Sie haben kein Recht, das zu tun;

what business did he have to say that? wie kam er dazu, das zu sagen?

12. THEAT Aktion f (stumme Szenen, Bewegungen etc; Ggs Sprechtext)

13. Geschäft n euph (Notdurft):

do one’s business sein Geschäft erledigen oder machen oder verrichten

B adj geschäftlich:

business problems;

for business reasons aus geschäftlichen Gründen

bus. abk business

* * *

noun

1) (trading operation) Geschäft, das; (company, firm) Betrieb, der; (large) Unternehmen, das

2) no pl. (buying and selling) Geschäfte Pl.

on business — geschäftlich

he's in the wool business — er ist in der Wollbranche

business is business — (fig.) Geschäft ist Geschäft

set up in business — ein Geschäft od. eine Firma gründen

go out of business — pleite gehen (ugs.)

go into business — Geschäftsmann/-frau werden

do business [with somebody] — [mit jemandem] Geschäfte machen

be in business — Geschäftsmann/-frau sein

3) (task, duty, province) Aufgabe, die; Pflicht, die

that is my business/none of your business — das ist meine Angelegenheit/nicht deine Sache

what business is it of yours? — was geht Sie das an?

mind your own business — kümmere dich um deine [eigenen] Angelegenheiten!

he has no business to do that — er hat kein Recht, das zu tun

4) (matter to be considered) Angelegenheit, die

‘any other business’ — "Sonstiges"

5) (serious work)

get down to [serious] business — [ernsthaft] zur Sache kommen; (Commerc.) an die Arbeit gehen

mean business — es ernst meinen

business before pleasure — erst die Arbeit, dann das Vergnügen

6) (derog.): (affair) Sache, die; Geschichte, die (ugs.)

* * *

adj.

geschäftlich adj. n.

Angelegenheit f.

Geschäft -e n.

Problem -e n.

Sache -n f.

English-german dictionary > business
7 Eastman, George

SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics

[br]

b. 12 July 1854 Waterville, New York, USA

d. 14 March 1932 Rochester, New York, USA

[br]

American industrialist and pioneer of popular photography.

[br]

The young Eastman was a clerk-bookkeeper in the Rochester Savings Bank when in 1877 he took up photography. Taking lessons in the wet-plate process, he became an enthusiastic amateur photographer. However, the cumbersome equipment and noxious chemicals used in the process proved an obstacle, as he said, "It seemed to be that one ought to be able to carry less than a pack-horse load." Then he came across an account of the new gelatine dry-plate process in the British Journal of Photography of March 1878. He experimented in coating glass plates with the new emulsions, and was soon so successful that he decided to go into commercial manufacture. He devised a machine to simplify the coating of the plates, and travelled to England in July 1879 to patent it. In April 1880 he prepared to begin manufacture in a rented building in Rochester, and contacted the leading American photographic supply house, E. \& H.T.Anthony, offering them an option as agents. A local whip manufacturer, Henry A.Strong, invested $1,000 in the enterprise and the Eastman Dry Plate Company was formed on 1 January 1881. Still working at the Savings Bank, he ran the business in his spare time, and demand grew for the quality product he was producing. The fledgling company survived a near disaster in 1882 when the quality of the emulsions dropped alarmingly. Eastman later discovered this was due to impurities in the gelatine used, and this led him to test all raw materials rigorously for quality. In 1884 the company became a corporation, the Eastman Dry Plate \& Film Company, and a new product was announced. Mindful of his desire to simplify photography, Eastman, with a camera maker, William H.Walker, designed a roll-holder in which the heavy glass plates were replaced by a roll of emulsion-coated paper. The holders were made in sizes suitable for most plate cameras. Eastman designed and patented a coating machine for the large-scale production of the paper film, bringing costs down dramatically, the roll-holders were acclaimed by photographers worldwide, and prizes and medals were awarded, but Eastman was still not satisfied. The next step was to incorporate the roll-holder in a smaller, hand-held camera. His first successful design was launched in June 1888: the Kodak camera. A small box camera, it held enough paper film for 100 circular exposures, and was bought ready-loaded. After the film had been exposed, the camera was returned to Eastman's factory, where the film was removed, processed and printed, and the camera reloaded. This developing and printing service was the most revolutionary part of his invention, since at that time photographers were expected to process their own photographs, which required access to a darkroom and appropriate chemicals. The Kodak camera put photography into the hands of the countless thousands who wanted photographs without complications. Eastman's marketing slogan neatly summed up the advantage: "You Press the Button, We Do the Rest." The Kodak camera was the last product in the design of which Eastman was personally involved. His company was growing rapidly, and he recruited the most talented scientists and technicians available. New products emerged regularly—notably the first commercially produced celluloid roll film for the Kodak cameras in July 1889; this material made possible the introduction of cinematography a few years later. Eastman's philosophy of simplifying photography and reducing its costs continued to influence products: for example, the introduction of the one dollar, or five shilling, Brownie camera in 1900, which put photography in the hands of almost everyone. Over the years the Eastman Kodak Company, as it now was, grew into a giant multinational corporation with manufacturing and marketing organizations throughout the world. Eastman continued to guide the company; he pursued an enlightened policy of employee welfare and profit sharing decades before this was common in industry. He made massive donations to many concerns, notably the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and supported schemes for the education of black people, dental welfare, calendar reform, music and many other causes, he withdrew from the day-to-day control of the company in 1925, and at last had time for recreation. On 14 March 1932, suffering from a painful terminal cancer and after tidying up his affairs, he shot himself through the heart, leaving a note: "To my friends: My work is done. Why wait?" Although Eastman's technical innovations were made mostly at the beginning of his career, the organization which he founded and guided in its formative years was responsible for many of the major advances in photography over the years.

[br]

Further Reading

C.Ackerman, 1929, George Eastman, Cambridge, Mass.

B.Coe, 1973, George Eastman and the Early Photographers, London.

BC

Biographical history of technology > Eastman, George
8 modular data center
1. модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
-
[Интент]

Параллельные тексты EN-RU

[ http://loosebolts.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/our-vision-for-generation-4-modular-data-centers-one-way-of-getting-it-just-right/]

[ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]

Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.

В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.

At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.

В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.

Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.

Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.

Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.

Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?

Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?

If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.

Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.

One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:

The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.

Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:

Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.

The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.

А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.

This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 design

Это заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколения

Are you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.

It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.

From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.

Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:

Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.

С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.

Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.

Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.

For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.

Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.

Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.

Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.

Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.

Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
Мы все подвергаем сомнению

In our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.

В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
Серийное производство дата центров

In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.

Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД

And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?

А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
Строительство дата центров без чиллеров

We have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.

Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.

By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.

Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.

Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.

Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
Gen 4 – это стандартная платформа

Finally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.

Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4

To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:

Scalable
Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
Rapid deployment
De-mountable
Reduce TTM
Reduced construction
Sustainable measures

Ниже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:

Расширяемость;
Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
Быстрота развертывания;
Возможность демонтажа;
Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
Сокращение сроков строительства;
Экологичность;

Map applications to DC Class

We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!

Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.

Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.

Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!

На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.

So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.

Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designs

Так что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центров

We thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.

Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.

It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.

Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.

We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.

Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.

No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.

Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.

As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.

Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.

This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.

Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.

Тематики
- ЦОДы (центры обработки данных)
Синонимы
- модульный ЦОД
EN
- modular data center
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > modular data center
9 public

1) громадськість; населення, народ; суспільство; публіка; дотримання громадського порядку

2) громадський; державний, національний, казенний; муніципальний; відкритий; публічний, публічно-правовий; суспільний

•

public burning of the national flag — публічне спалення національного прапору

public monitoring of judicial performance — громадський контроль за діяльністю судів

public order of ocean resources — міжнародно-правовий режим ресурсів світового океану

public perception of the seriousness of crime — розуміння громадськістю серйозності злочину

public prosecution investigator — слідчий прокуратури

public prosecutor's supervision — прокурорський нагляд

public-sector collective bargaining agreement — колективна угода в державному секторі

Public Utility Holding Company Act — Закон про холдингові компанії в комунальному господарстві

public's satisfaction with police — задоволення громадськості роботою поліції

- public access
- public accord
- public accounting
- public act
- public administration
- public administrator
- public affront
- public agency
- public agent
- public alcoholic
- public appeal
- public appointment
- public archives
- public assembly
- public assassination
- public assistance
- public at large
- public attorney
- public auction
- public authorities
- public authority
- public benefit
- public benefits
- public bill
- public blockade
- public body
- public bond
- public boundary
- public call
- public capacity
- public censure
- public charge
- public code
- public company
- public comptroller
- public condemnation
- public conduct
- public consumption fund
- public contract
- public contract law
- public control
- public convenience
- public corporation
- public correctional facility
- public counsel for the defence
- public counsel for the defense
- public credit
- public customs warehouse
- public danger
- public debt
- public defender
- public defence
- public defense
- public defensor
- public defensor system
- public demand
- public depositary
- public detection agency
- public detective
- public detective agency
- public disgrace
- public disturbance
- public disturber
- public document
- public domain
- public drunk
- public drunkenness
- public duties
- public duty
- public easement
- public emergency
- public employee
- public employment
- public enemy
- public enterprise
- public examination
- public execution
- public exposure of the person
- public flogging
- public foundation
- public functionary
- public funds
- public gathering
- public good
- public grievance
- public health
- public health system
- public hearing
- public hearing of cases
- public hearings
- public housing
- public indecencies
- public indecency
- public individual
- public industry
- public inebriate
- public influence
- public injunctive relief
- public inquiry
- public inspection
- public institution
- public insult
- public interest
- public interests
- public international law
- public intoxication
- public joint-stock company
- public justice
- public landowner
- public lands
- public lands administration
- public law enforcement
- public law
- public lawyer
- public liability
- public liberties
- public life
- public litigant
- public market
- public matter
- public meeting
- public member
- public mind
- public minister
- public mischief
- public misrepresentation
- public morality
- public notary
- public notice
- public nuisance
- public offence
- public offense
- public office
- public officer
- public official
- public opinion
- public opinion poll
- public order
- public order act
- Public Order Detachment
- public order law
- public order offence
- public order offense
- public organ
- public ownership
- public peace
- public person
- public place
- public police
- public policy
- public policy issue
- public politician
- public position
- public practice
- public prior use
- public proceeding
- public proceedings
- public property
- public property domain
- public prosecution
- public prosecution case
- public prosecution department
- public prosecutor
- public prosecutor's office
- public protest
- public punishment
- public purse
- public record
- public record office
- public records
- public register
- public reimbursement
- public relations center
- public relations centre
- public relations office
- public relations
- public relief
- public representation
- public representative body
- public representative organ
- public reprobation
- public resolution
- public response
- public revelation
- public rights
- public safety
- public seal
- public sector
- public self-defence
- public self-defense
- public self-government body
- public servant
- public service careerist
- public service
- public session
- public shelter
- public sitting
- public speaking
- public spirit
- public-spirited
- public stoning of a person
- public tax
- public tranquillity
- public trial
- public trustee
- public unrest
- public use
- public utterance
- public vengeance
- public verdict
- public victim
- public war
- public works
- public wrong

English-Ukrainian law dictionary > public
10 near cash

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гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.

Introduction

This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.

Principles of the framework

The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:
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consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;
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the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;
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strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and
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the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.

The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:
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the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and
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the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.

Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.

Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)

The framework for public expenditure is divided between
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Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and
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Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.

More information about DEL and AME is set out below.

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Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL)

In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.

To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.

Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.

Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.

There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.

Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME)

AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.

AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.

AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.

Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.

Total Managed Expenditure

Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.

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Resource Accounting and Budgeting ( RAB)

Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets.
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Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest.
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Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:
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Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and
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Administration Budgets (see below)

Administration Budgets

The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.

Spending Reviews

The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.

The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.

Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.

The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:
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provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;
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enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;
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introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and
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not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.

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Comprehensive Spending Review 2007

To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.

A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:
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an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;
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an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;
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to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with
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further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.

The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.

Obtaining good performance

Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.

The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.

Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.

Departmental Investment Strategies (DISs)

To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.

This document was updated on 19 December 2005.

Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money

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GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money
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GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money

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GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.

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64Managing Public Money

Англо-русский экономический словарь > near cash
11 business

(bus, biz)

1. n ком. бізнес; діло; справа; підприємництво; торговельна діяльність; торгівля; діяльність; a підприємницький; діловий; 2. n підприємство; компанія; фірма; a фірмовий

1. заняття або системна діяльність, що реалізується у виробничій (manufacture), промисловій, торговельній (trade) та ін. сферах з метою одержання прибутку (profit) шляхом купівлі та продажу товарів (goods) і послуг (service¹); 2. організація, покликана засобами торгівлі задовольнити потреби суспільства і одержати прибуток; ♦ існує кілька основних видів підприємств, а саме: одноосібне підприємство (sole proprietorship), партнерство (partnership) та компанія (company) або корпорація (corporation)

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advertising business рекламна справа • рекламний бізнес • рекламне агентство; annual business річна справа; banking business банківське діло • банківські операції; bankrupt business збанкрутіле підприємство; beverage business підприємство у сфері виробництва напоїв; big business велике підприємство; brokerage business посередницька справа • брокерська контора; capital-intensive business капіталомістке підприємство; commercial business торговельне підприємство • торгівля; competing business конкурентне підприємство; current business поточна справа; durable goods business торгівля товарами довгострокового вжитку; export business експортний бізнес; family-owned business сімейне підприємство • родинне підприємство; foreign-owned business підприємство, яке належить закордонному власнику; government business державна справа; hospitality business готельний бізнес; illegal business заборонена справа • незаконне підприємство • незаконна справа; import business бізнес у сфері імпорту; incorporated business акціонерне підприємство • акціонерна компанія; insurance business страховий бізнес; investment business інвестиційна діяльність; joint business спільне підприємство; large-scale retail business велике підприємство роздрібної торгівлі; loan business кредитна справа; local business місцеве підприємництво; mail-order business посилковий торговельний бізнес; mercantile business торговельне підприємство; official business офіційна справа; private business приватне підприємство; produce business торгівля сільськогосподарськими продуктами; profitable business прибутковий бізнес; proprietary business виробництво фірмової продукції; publishing business видавнича справа • книготорговий бізнес; real estate business бізнес у сфері нерухомості; retail business роздрібна торгівля • підприємство роздрібної торгівлі; seasonal business сезонне підприємництво; securities business торгівля цінними паперами; service business бізнес у сфері обслуговування; small business мале підприємництво; small-scale retail business мале роздрібне підприємство; unincorporated business неакцір-нерне підприємство; well-established business солідне підприємство • солідна фірма; wholesale business оптове підприємство • оптова торгівля

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business ability спроможність до комерційної діяльності; business account рахунок підприємств; business acquaintance ділове знайомство; business activities види ділової діяльності; business activity ділова діяльність • господарська діяльність • економічна діяльність; business acumen ділова хватка; business address службова адреса • ділова адреса; business agent торговельний агент; business approach діловий підхід; business area сфера торговельно-промислової діяльності; business broker професійний брокер • професійний агент • діловий брокер; business canvasser торговельний агент; business саг автомобіль для ділових поїздок; business card візитна картка • візитівка; business circles ділові кола; business class бізнес-клас; business community ділові кола • ділове суспільство; business concept поняття ділової діяльності; business concern ділова справа; business conduct ведення діла; business connections ділові зв'язки; business costs ділові витрати; business credit кредит на торговельно-промислову діяльність; business cycle діловий цикл • цикл ділової діяльності • економічний цикл; business cycle indicator показник економічного циклу; business cycle recovery піднесення ділової активності; business data processing обробка комерційної інформації; business day час роботи банку • робочий день • час роботи біржі; business deal торговельна угода; business district діловий район • торговельний район; business economics економіка підприємства; business education комерційна освіта; business enterprise торговельна фірма • торговельно-промислове підприємство; business environment економічне оточення; business equipment виробниче устаткування; business establishment ділове підприємство • ділові кола • торговельно-промислове підприємство; business ethics ділова етика; business expenses витрати підприємців • торговельні витрати; business factor економічний фактор; business financing фінансування підприємств; business firm підприємницька фірма; business fortune удача в діловій діяльності • багатство, нажите внаслідок ділової діяльності; business hours години роботи підприємства • години торгівлі • години роботи біржі • робочі години; business house торговельний дім; business in futures ф'ючерсні угоди; business instinct ділове чуття • діловий нюх; business integrity чесність у діловій діяльності; business investment капіталовкладення підприємства; business law торгове право; business leader діловий лідер • керівник промислового підприємства; business life ділове життя; business management управління торговельно-промисловим підприємством; business manager комерційний директор • торговельний керівник; business merger об'єднання підприємств • злиття компаній; business method методика ділової діяльності; business monopoly підприємницька монополія; business name назва фірми • назва підприємства; business office торговельна канцелярія • торговельна контора; business of the day порядок денний; business opportunities можливість ділової діяльності; business outlook перспективи ділової діяльності • майбутня економічна кон'юнктура; business partner діловий партнер • торговельний партнер • діловий компаньйон • діловий учасник; business practice практика ділових відносин; business premises будинок підприємства; business press ділова преса; business principle діловий принцип; business procedure методика ділової діяльності; business profits прибуток підприємства; business property власність підприємства • власність фірми; business publication комерційне видання • фірмове видання; business purpose мета ділової діяльності; business quarter діловий квартал; business receipts прибутки від ділової діяльності; business relation діловий зв'язок; business relations ділові відносини • торговельні зв'язки; business reply cards картки для ділової відповіді; business representative торговельний представник; business revival пожвавлення господарської кон'юнктури; business secret виробничий секрет; business sector діловий сектор • виробничий сектор • сектор торговельно-промислової діяльності; business strategy ділова стратегія; business support підтримка підприємства; business tax податок на підприємця • податок на підприємство; business taxation оподаткування підприємства; business tax form бланк податкової декларації для підприємця; business tax package комплекс заходів з оподаткування підприємця; business tenant орендар/орендарка підприємства; business terms умови ділової діяльності; business-to-business advertising реклама для підприємців; business-to-business sales обсяг продажу торговельно-промислових підприємств • гуртовий оборот фірми; business training навчання торговельно-промислової діяльності; business trends тенденції в галузі ділової діяльності; business trip ділова поїздка • відрядження; business turnover торговельний оборот підприємства; business undertaking торговельно-промислове підприємство; business venue місце зустрічі фірми • місце ділової зустрічі; business volume торговельний оборот • обсяг ділових операцій; business week робочий тиждень; business world діловий світ; business year бюджетний рік • звітний рік • господарський рік; out of business банкрут; to be engaged in business займатися/зайнятися торгівлею • торгувати • крамарювати; to be forced out of business бути витісненим з підприємницької діяльності; to be in business займатися/зайнятися торгівлею • торгувати • крамарювати; to be out of business банкрутувати/збанкрутувати; to close down a business ліквідувати фірму • ліквідуватися; to conduct a business вести справу • займатися комерцією • керувати підприємством; to do business вести справу • вести діло; to engage in business займатися/зайнятися торгівлею • торгувати • крамарювати; to establish a business створювати/створити підприємство; to expand a business розширяти/розширити підприємство; to finance a business фінансувати підприємство; to go into business займатися/зайнятися торгівлею • торгувати • крамарювати; to go out of business ліквідувати підприємство • припиняти/припинити діяльність; to launch a business відкривати/відкрити підприємство; to manage a business керувати підприємством; to open a business засновувати/ заснувати підприємство • відкривати/відкрити підприємство; to operate a business керувати підприємством; to run a business керувати підприємством; to sell out a business продати підприємство; to set up a business починати/почати справу • засновувати/заснувати підприємство • починати/почати бізнес; to start a business починати/почати справу • засновувати/заснувати підприємство • починати/почати бізнес; to take over a business брати/взяти на себе ведення справи; to wind up a business ліквідувати підприємство

business¹:: business enterprise; business² ‡ business² (383)

═════════◇═════════

бізнес < англ. business — діло, торгівля, справа; також форма бізнесмен — комерсант, ділок, торговець (ЕС-СУМ 1: 139; СІС: 96); підприємство/підприємництво/підприємницький < нім. Unternehmung < unter — під і nehmen — брати, приймати (ЕС-СУМ 4: 54-55)

* * *

господарська діяльність; бізнес; справа; клієнт; підприємництво; підприємство; клієнтура; підприємницька діяльність; оборот ( компанії); обсяг господарської діяльності

The English-Ukrainian Dictionary > business
12 joint

I [dʒɔɪnt]
nome

1) anat. articolazione f.

to be out of joint — [shoulder, knee] essere slogato

to have stiff o aching joints — avere dei dolori articolari

2) tecn. (in carpentry) incastro m.; (in metalwork) giunto m., giunzione f.; (of pipes, tubes) raccordo m.

3) gastr. taglio m. di carne (da fare arrosto)

4) colloq. (place) locale m., posto m.; (nightclub, café) locale m., localino m.

5) colloq. (cannabis cigarette) joint m., spinello m.

••

to put sb.'s nose out of joint — = offendere qcn
II [dʒɔɪnt]
aggettivo [ action] collettivo, congiunto; [programme, session] congiunto; [measures, procedure] comune; [ winner] ex aequo; [ talks] multilaterale

* * *
[‹oint] 1. noun
1) (the place where two or more things join: The plumber tightened up all the joints in the pipes.) giuntura

2) (a part of the body where two bones meet but are able to move in the manner of eg a hinge: The shoulders, elbows, wrists, hips, knees and ankles are joints.) articolazione

3) (a piece of meat for cooking containing a bone: A leg of mutton is a fairly large joint.) pezzo/taglio di carne
2. adjective
1) (united; done together: the joint efforts of the whole team.) congiunto

2) (shared by, or belonging to, two or more: She and her husband have a joint bank account.) comune
3. verb
(to divide (an animal etc for cooking) at the, or into, joints: Joint the chicken before cooking it.) tagliare, fare a pezzi

- jointed
- jointly
- out of joint See also:
- join

* * *
joint (1) /dʒɔɪnt/
n.

1 (mecc., falegn.) giuntura; giunzione; punto di giuntura; giunto; raccordo; snodatura; snodo: hydraulic [universal] joint, giunto idraulico [cardanico (o universale)]; (mecc.) knuckle joint, giunto a snodo

2 (anat.) giuntura; articolazione: stiff joints, articolazioni rigide

3 taglio di carne ( con l'osso); pezzo di carne; arrosto: a joint of beef, un pezzo di carne di manzo; the Sunday joint, l'arrosto della domenica

4 (bot.) nodo ( di ramo, ecc.)

5 (geol.) giunto; diaclasi

6 ( legatoria) morso; spigolo

7 ( slang USA) locale ( bar, ristorante, ecc., spesso alla buona): pizza joint, pizzeria; gambling joint, casa da gioco; pasta joint, trattoria italiana

8 ( slang USA) edificio; casa; appartamento

9 ( slang) sigaretta alla marijuana; spinello, canna (pop.): to roll a joint, arrotolarsi uno spinello

10 ( slang USA) galera; gattabuia (pop.)

11 (volg. USA) pene; uccello, cazzo (volg.)

● out of joint, ( d'osso) slogato, lussato; (fig.) in uno stato di confusione, sottosopra, scombussolato; scoordinato, sfasato: to put out of joint, slogare; lussare; to be thrown completely out of joint, essere scombussolato; The times are out of joint, viviamo in tempi di grande confusione □ (fam.) to put sb. 's nose out of joint, indispettire, offendere, far rimanere male q.
♦ joint (2) /dʒɔɪnt/
a.

1 unito; congiunto; comune; co-; con-: our joint efforts, i nostri sforzi congiunti; joint declaration, dichiarazione comune; joint author, coautore; joint heir, coerede; joint manager, condirettore

2 (leg.) collettivo; congiunto; solidale; in solido: joint action, azione ( in giudizio) congiunta, collettiva; joint defendants, convenuti congiunti; joint liability, responsabilità solidale, collettiva

3 (mil.) combinato: joint operations, operazioni combinate

4 a pari merito; ex aequo: to come joint first, arrivare primi a pari merito; joint winner, vincitore ex aequo

● ( banca) joint account, conto cointestato, a firme congiunte; conto comune; ( di un'azienda) conto sociale (o in partecipazione) □ (leg.) joint and several, solidale; in solido: (fin.) joint and several bond, obbligazione in solido □ (leg.) joint cause, concausa □ (mil., in USA) Joint Chiefs of Staff, Comitato dei Capi di Stato Maggiore □ joint committee, commissione mista ( lavoratori e datori di lavoro) □ (leg.) joint creditors, cocreditori □ (leg.) joint custody, custodia congiunta ( dei figli) □ (leg.) joint debtors, condebitori □ (econ.) joint enterprise, impresa in compartecipazione (cfr. joint venture, sotto) □ (leg.) joint estate, beni in regime di comunione □ (fin.) joint float, fluttuazione comune ( delle valute) □ (leg.) joint owner, comproprietario □ joint pension, pensione reversibile □ (econ.) joint products, prodotti congiunti ( frutto del medesimo processo di produzione) □ (polit., USA) joint resolution, provvedimento legislativo approvato dai due rami d'un parlamento □ joint signatures, firme abbinate (o congiunte) □ (fin.) joint-stock company, (GB, stor.) società per azioni; società anonima; ( USA) società per azioni a responsabilità illimitata □ (leg.) joint surety, cogarante □ (leg.) joint tenancy, comproprietà ( con diritto di eredità alla morte di uno dei proprietari) □ (leg.) joint tenant, comproprietario ( con diritto di eredità) □ (leg.) joint venture (o undertaking), joint venture; associazione in partecipazione; impresa comune; impresa in partecipazione; società in compartecipazione; ( per appalti pubblici) associazione temporanea di imprese (cfr. joint enterprise, sopra) □ (leg., in GB) joint wills, testamenti congiunti (o reciproci).
(to) joint /dʒɔɪnt/
v. t.

1 (mecc., falegn., ecc.) congiungere; commettere; connettere; collegare: to joint boards, commettere tavole di legno

2 (edil.) commettere ( mattoni, ecc.)

3 tagliare, fare a pezzi ( un pollo, un coniglio, ecc.)

4 (mecc.) rendere snodato; provvedere di snodo

5 raccordare ( tubazioni).

* * *
I [dʒɔɪnt]
nome

1) anat. articolazione f.

to be out of joint — [shoulder, knee] essere slogato

to have stiff o aching joints — avere dei dolori articolari

2) tecn. (in carpentry) incastro m.; (in metalwork) giunto m., giunzione f.; (of pipes, tubes) raccordo m.

3) gastr. taglio m. di carne (da fare arrosto)

4) colloq. (place) locale m., posto m.; (nightclub, café) locale m., localino m.

5) colloq. (cannabis cigarette) joint m., spinello m.

••

to put sb.'s nose out of joint — = offendere qcn
II [dʒɔɪnt]
aggettivo [ action] collettivo, congiunto; [programme, session] congiunto; [measures, procedure] comune; [ winner] ex aequo; [ talks] multilaterale

English-Italian dictionary > joint
13 public

1. adjective
öffentlich

public assembly — Volksversammlung, die

a public danger/service — eine Gefahr für die/ein Dienst an der Allgemeinheit

be a matter of public knowledge — allgemein bekannt sein

in the public eye — im Blickpunkt der Öffentlichkeit

make something public — etwas publik (geh.) od. bekannt machen
2. noun, no pl.; constr. as sing. or pl.
1) (the people) Öffentlichkeit, die; Allgemeinheit, die

the general public — die Allgemeinheit; die breite Öffentlichkeit

member of the public — Bürger, der/Bürgerin, die

be open to the public — für den Publikumsverkehr geöffnet sein

2) (section of community) Publikum, das; (author's readers also) Leserschaft, die

the reading public — das Lesepublikum

3)

in public — (publicly) öffentlich; (openly) offen

behave oneself in public — sich in der Öffentlichkeit benehmen

* * *

adjective

(of, for, or concerning, the people (of a community or nation) in general: a public library; a public meeting; Public opinion turned against him; The public announcements are on the back page of the newspaper; This information should be made public and not kept secret any longer.) öffentlich

- academic.ru/58855/publicly">publicly
- publicity
- publicize
- publicise
- public holiday
- public house
- public relations
- public service announcement
- public spirit
- public-spirited
- public transport
- in public
- the public
- public opinion poll
* * *

pub·lic

[ˈpʌblɪk]

I. adj inv

1. (of the people) opinion öffentlich

\public approval allgemeine Zustimmung

in the \public interest im Interesse der Öffentlichkeit

2. (for the people) library öffentlich

\public baths esp BRIT öffentliches Bad

\public institution öffentliche Einrichtung

3. (not private) öffentlich

\public announcement/hearing öffentliche Bekanntmachung/Anhörung

to go \public with sth etw öffentlich bekanntgeben [o bekanntmachen]

to make sth \public etw öffentlich bekanntgeben; (esp in writing) etw veröffentlichen

4. (state) öffentlich, staatlich

\public building öffentliches Gebäude

5. STOCKEX

the company is going \public das Unternehmen wird in eine Aktiengesellschaft umgewandelt

\public offering öffentliches Zeichnungsangebot

\public placing AM öffentliche Platzierung

II. n + sing/pl vb

1. (the people)

▪ the \public die Öffentlichkeit, die Allgemeinheit

a member of the \public jemand aus der Öffentlichkeit

the general \public die allgemeine Öffentlichkeit

the American/British/Canadian \public die amerikanische/britische/kanadische Öffentlichkeit

the Great British P\public BRIT ( hum fam) die breite britische Öffentlichkeit

2. (patrons) Anhängerschaft f; of newspapers Leser(innen) m(f); of TV Zuschauer(innen) m(f), Publikum nt

3. (not in private) Öffentlichkeit f

in \public in der Öffentlichkeit, öffentlich

* * *
['pʌblɪk]
1. adj
support, pressure, subsidy öffentlich; official öffentlich, staatlich
to be public knowledge — allgemein bekannt sein

to become public — publik werden

at public expense — aus öffentlichen Mitteln

public pressure — Druck m der Öffentlichkeit

it's rather public here — es ist nicht gerade privat hier

it's a bit too public here — hier sind (mir) zu viele Leute

he is a public figure or person — er ist eine Persönlichkeit des öffentlichen Lebens

in the public eye — im Blickpunkt der Öffentlichkeit

to make sth public — etw bekannt geben, etw publik machen; (officially) etw öffentlich bekannt machen

in the public interest — im öffentlichen Interesse

to create public awareness — öffentliches Interesse wecken

to go public (Comm) — in eine Aktiengesellschaft umgewandelt werden

2. n sing or pl
Öffentlichkeit f
in public — in der Öffentlichkeit; speak also, agree, admit öffentlich

our/their etc public — unser/ihr etc Publikum

the ( general) public — die (breite) Öffentlichkeit

the viewing public — das Fernsehpublikum, die Zuschauer pl

the reading/sporting public — die lesende/sportinteressierte Öffentlichkeit

the racing public — die Freunde pl des Rennsports

the great American/British public (iro) — die breite amerikanische/britische Öffentlichkeit

* * *

public [ˈpʌblık]

A adj (adv → publicly)

a) öffentlich (stattfindend)

b) öffentlich, allgemein bekannt

c) öffentlich (Einrichtung, Straße etc)

d) Staats…, staatlich:

it’s a bit too public here hier sind (mir) zu viele Leute;

go public sich an die Öffentlichkeit wenden, an die Öffentlichkeit treten ( beide:

with mit); WIRTSCH sich in eine Aktiengesellschaft umwandeln;

make public publik machen, bekannt machen;

public accountant WIRTSCH US Wirtschaftsprüfer(in);

public-address system Lautsprecheranlage f;

over the public-address system über Lautsprecher;

public appearance Auftreten n in der Öffentlichkeit;

make one’s first public appearance zum ersten Mal öffentlich auftreten;

public assistance US Sozialhilfe f;

public bar Br Schankraum m (eines Pubs);

public bill PARL Gesetzesvorlage, die öffentliche Angelegenheiten betrifft;

public (limited) company WIRTSCH Br Aktiengesellschaft f;

public convenience bes Br öffentliche Toilette, Bedürfnisanstalt f;

public corporation öffentlich-rechtliche Körperschaft;

public debt bes US öffentliche Schuld, Staatsschuld f;

public defender JUR US Offizial-, Pflichtverteidiger(in);

public domain US Staatsländereien pl, staatlicher Grundbesitz; (Internet) frei verfügbare Software;

be in the public domain JUR US nicht mehr (durch Copyright od Patent) geschützt sein;

public enemy Staatsfeind(in);

public enterprise staatliches Unternehmertum;

be in the public eye im Blickpunkt der Öffentlichkeit stehen;

public expenditure Ausgaben pl der öffentlichen Hand, Staatsausgaben pl;

at the public expense auf Kosten des Steuerzahlers;

public figure Persönlichkeit f des öffentlichen Lebens;

public finances Staatsfinanzen;

public gallery PARL Zuschauertribüne f;

public health öffentliches Gesundheitswesen;

public health policy Gesundheitspolitik f;

public health service US staatlicher Gesundheitsdienst;

public holiday gesetzlicher Feiertag;

public house Br Gaststätte f;

public information Unterrichtung f der Öffentlichkeit;

be in the public interest im öffentlichen Interesse liegen;

public law öffentliches Recht;

public lending right Anspruch m (eines Autors) auf eine Bibliotheksabgabe;

public library öffentliche Bücherei, Volksbücherei f;

public life das öffentliche Leben;

retire ( oder withdraw) from public life sich ins Privatleben zurückziehen;

public ownership Staatseigentum n (of an dat);

public policy JUR Rechtsordnung f;

against public policy sittenwidrig;

public pressure (der) Druck der Öffentlichkeit;

public purse Staatskasse f;

public relations pl auch als sg konstruiert) Public Relations pl, Öffentlichkeitsarbeit f;

public relations department Public-Relations-Abteilung f;

public relations officer Öffentlichkeitsreferent(in);

public sale öffentliche Versteigerung, Auktion f;

public school Br Public School f (Privatschule der Sekundarstufe mit angeschlossenem Internat); US staatliche Schule;

public sector WIRTSCH öffentlicher Sektor;

public securities WIRTSCH Staatspapiere;

public servant Angestellte(r) m/f(m) im öffentlichen Dienst;

public service öffentlicher Dienst; US Bereitstellung f von Versorgungsdiensten;

public-service corporation US öffentlicher Versorgungsbetrieb;

public spending Ausgaben pl der öffentlichen Hand, Staatsausgaben pl;

public spirit Gemeinsinn m;

public-spirited mit Gemeinsinn (Person), von Gemeinsinn zeugend (Handlung etc);

be public-spirited Gemeinsinn haben;

public transport öffentliches Verkehrswesen; öffentliche Verkehrsmittel pl;

public utility öffentlicher Versorgungsbetrieb;

public works staatliche Bauprojekte; → notary, nuisance 3, opinion 2, prosecutor

B s

1. in public in der Öffentlichkeit, öffentlich

2. (auch als pl konstruiert)

a) (die) Öffentlichkeit:

appear before the public an die Öffentlichkeit treten;

be open to (members of) the public der Öffentlichkeit zugänglich sein;

exclude the public JUR die Öffentlichkeit ausschließen; → general A 3

b) Publikum n, (eines Autors auch) Leserschaft f:

bring sb’s pictures to a large public jemandes Bilder einer breiten Öffentlichkeit bekannt machen

pub. abk

1. public öffentl.

2. publication

3. published

4. publisher

5. publishing

* * *
1. adjective
öffentlich

public assembly — Volksversammlung, die

a public danger/service — eine Gefahr für die/ein Dienst an der Allgemeinheit

be a matter of public knowledge — allgemein bekannt sein

in the public eye — im Blickpunkt der Öffentlichkeit

make something public — etwas publik (geh.) od. bekannt machen
2. noun, no pl.; constr. as sing. or pl.
1) (the people) Öffentlichkeit, die; Allgemeinheit, die

the general public — die Allgemeinheit; die breite Öffentlichkeit

member of the public — Bürger, der/Bürgerin, die

be open to the public — für den Publikumsverkehr geöffnet sein

2) (section of community) Publikum, das; (author's readers also) Leserschaft, die

the reading public — das Lesepublikum

3)

in public — (publicly) öffentlich; (openly) offen

behave oneself in public — sich in der Öffentlichkeit benehmen

* * *

adj.

allgemein adj.

allgemein bekannt adj.

öffentlich adj. n.

Publikum -s n.

Öffentlichkeit f.

English-german dictionary > public
14 outfit

1. n снаряжение; экипировка

camping outfit — туристское снаряжение

diving outfit — водолазное снаряжение

demolition outfit — подрывное снаряжение

lightweight diving outfit — легководолазное снаряжение

2. n расходы на снаряжение

3. n одежда, полный комплект одежды

a new spring outfit — новый весенний ансамбль

water sterilizing outfit — комплект для обеззараживания воды

delousing outfit — комплект оборудования для дезинсекции

hardware outfit — комплект аппаратного обеспечения

cooking outfit — комплект кухонных принадлежностей

4. n установка; оборудование, аппаратура, оснащение; агрегат; комплект

a cooking outfit — кухонная утварь

hardening outfit — установка для закалки

portable outfit — передвижное оборудование

technical outfit — техническое оборудование

navigation outfit — штурманское оборудование

floating drilling outfit — плавучая буровая установка

5. n разг. группа, партия; компания

lawyers working with this outfit — юристы работающие в этой группе

6. n разг. амер. несколько ковбоев, работающих на одном ранчо

7. n разг. полит. группа, фракция

a small but influential outfit — небольшая, но влиятельная группа

8. n разг. ансамбль

three-piece outfit — трио

9. n разг. предприятие; учреждение

a large manufacturing outfit — большое промышленное предприятие

production outfit — производственное предприятие

10. n разг. воен. разг. часть, подразделение

his father and mine were in the same outfit during the war — во время войны наши отцы служили в одном полку

crack outfit — отборная часть

ship's outfit — снабжение по корпусной части

airlift outfit — часть авиационного транспорта

amphibian outfit — подразделение плавающих автомобилей

gung-ho outfit — часть, готовая выполнить любое задание

11. v снаряжать, экипировать

he outfitted himself for camp — он подготовил всё необходимое снаряжение к исходу

12. v обмундировывать

13. v снабжать оборудованием

the rocket is outfitted with a container — ракета снабжена контейнером

cementing outfit — оборудование для цементирования скважины

welding outfit — сварочное оборудование

pumping outfit — насосное оборудование

Синонимический ряд:

1. clothing (noun) accouterments; apparel; clothing; ensemble; garb; habit; jump suit; suit

2. company (noun) band; company; corps; party; troop; troupe

3. costume (noun) costume; dress; getup; get-up; guise; rig; setout; turnout

4. equipment (noun) apparatus; equipment; gear; habiliments; machinery; material; materials; materiel; paraphernalia; tackle; tackling

5. house (noun) business; concern; corporation; enterprise; establishment; firm; house

6. equip (verb) dress; equip; fit out; prepare; provide; stock; supply

7. furnish (verb) accouter; appoint; arm; fit up; furnish; gear; rig; turn out

English-Russian base dictionary > outfit
15 share

[̈ɪʃɛə]

A share акция, не дающая владельцу права голоса adjusted share of labour in national income скорректированная доля труда в национальном доходе bank share банковская акция bearer share акция на предъявителя beneficial share льготная акция bonus share бесплатная акция bonus share учредительская акция capital share акция capital share доля капитала в национальном доходе capture market share захватывать долю рынка carried share перенесенная доля co-ownership share доля совместного владения common share обычная акция cumulative preference share кумулятивная привилегированная акция cumulative share кумулятивная акция deferred share акция с отсроченным дивидендом employee share scheme программа распределения акций среди работников equity per share доля собственного капитала, приходящаяся на акцию equity share доля акционерного капитала equity share обыкновенная акция equity share capital акционерный капитал exempt share свободный пай founder's share отсроченная акция fractional share дробная акция fractional share частичная акция to go shares (in smth.) (with smb.) делиться (чем-л. с кем-л.) поровну gross share общая доля share участие; he does more than his share of the work он делает больше, чем должен (или чем от него требуется) share доля, часть; he has a large share of self-esteem у него очень развито чувство собственного достоинства he would share his last penny with me он поделился бы со мной последним пенсом; to share a room (with smb.) жить в одной комнате (с кем-л.) home market share доля на внутреннем рынке initial share первая акция inscribed share именная акция investment trust share акция инвестиционного фонда issue a share выпускать акцию listed share акция, котирующаяся на бирже market share удельный вес компании в обороте рынка market share удельный вес товара в обороте рынка minimum share минимальная доля minority shareholders' share доля акционеров, не владеющих контрольным пакетом акций multiple voting share акция с несколькими голосами mutual fund share доля во взаимном фонде new share новая акция no-par value share акция без фиксированного номинала nominal share именная акция nominal share разрешенная к выпуску акция nominative share именная акция noncash share акция, купленная по безналичному расчету nonspecific share неоговоренная доля nonvoting share акция, не дающая владельцу право голоса oil share акция нефтяной компании share акция; пай; on shares на паях; preferred shares привилегированные акции; share and share alike на равных правах; shares! чур, поровну! ordinary share обыкновенная акция, акция с нефиксированным дивидендом outstanding share акция, выпущенная в обращение outstanding share неоплаченная акция parent share акция родительской компании participating preference share привилегированная акция участия partner's share доля пайщика partnership share доля в товариществе partnership share доля участия percentage share доля в процентах personal share личная доля preferential share привилегированная акция preferred ordinary share привилегированная обыкновенная акция share акция; пай; on shares на паях; preferred shares привилегированные акции; share and share alike на равных правах; shares! чур, поровну! pro rata share пропорциональная доля profit share доля прибыли proportional share пропорциональная доля quota share долевое участие railway share акция железнодорожной компании rateable share доля собственности, облагаемая налогом reacquired share вновь приобретенная акция redeem a share выкупать акцию redeemable preference share привилегированная акция, подлежащая выкупу redeemable share акция, подлежащая выкупу registered mining share зарегистрированная акция горнодобывающей компании registered share зарегистрированная акция registered share именная акция reinsurance share доля участия в перестраховании repayment share доля погашения retire a share выкупать акцию share акция; пай; on shares на паях; preferred shares привилегированные акции; share and share alike на равных правах; shares! чур, поровну! share акция share быть пайщиком share делить(ся), распределять (тж. share out); to share money among five men поделить деньги на пять человек; they shared the secret они были посвящены в эту тайну share делить share делиться share доля, часть; he has a large share of self-esteem у него очень развито чувство собственного достоинства share доля, часть share доля share доля собственности share доля участия share иметь долю share иметь часть share лемех, сошник (плуга) share пай, участие, доля участия share пай share разделять (мнение, вкусы и т. п.) share вчт. разделять share распределять share участвовать; быть пайщиком (тж. share in); to share profits участвовать в прибылях share участвовать share участие; he does more than his share of the work он делает больше, чем должен (или чем от него требуется) share участие share часть he would share his last penny with me он поделился бы со мной последним пенсом; to share a room (with smb.) жить в одной комнате (с кем-л.) share акция; пай; on shares на паях; preferred shares привилегированные акции; share and share alike на равных правах; shares! чур, поровну! share for own account относить на собственный счет share in cooperative доля собственности в кооперативе share in cooperative enterprise доля собственности в кооперативном предприятии share in excess of par акция стоимостью выше номинала share in inheritance доля в наследстве share in legacy доля в завещательном отказе движимости share in private company доля в акционерном капитале частной компании share in profits доля в прибылях share in ship доля собственности на судно share делить(ся), распределять (тж. share out); to share money among five men поделить деньги на пять человек; they shared the secret они были посвящены в эту тайну share of costs доля затрат share of dwelling доля домовладения share of expenses доля затрат share of exports доля экспорта share of ownership доля собственности share of participation доля участия share of payment разделение оплаты (при разделении рабочего места между двумя или более работниками) share of payment разделение социальных выплат (например, между государственным и благотворительными фондами) share of proceeds доля выручки share of profits доля прибыли share of profits часть прибыли share of result доля результата share of stock акция share of stock доля в акционерном капитале share of the market доля рынка share участвовать; быть пайщиком (тж. share in); to share profits участвовать в прибылях share акция; пай; on shares на паях; preferred shares привилегированные акции; share and share alike на равных правах; shares! чур, поровну! shares: shares акционерный капитал small-denomination share акция с низкой номинальной стоимостью subdivided share разделенная акция suspend a share приостанавливать операции с определенными акциями share делить(ся), распределять (тж. share out); to share money among five men поделить деньги на пять человек; they shared the secret они были посвящены в эту тайну tied share связанная акция undivided share право на долю vendor's share доля поставщика vendor's share пай продавца во взаимном фонде voting share акция, дающая владельцу право голоса wage share доля заработной платы (в национальном доходе)

English-Russian short dictionary > share
16 work

1. сущ.
1) общ. работа, труд; дело, занятие (физические и умственные усилия для достижения какого-л. результата)

to get to work — приняться за дело, начать работать

to stop work — прекращать работу

dirty work — грязная работа, тяжелая работа

difficult work — трудная работа

Syn:

labour

See:

social work

2) общ. работа, занятость, занятие, должность (профессиональная деятельность, как правило, приносящая доход)

to lose one's work — потерять работу

fit for work — годный к работе, пригодный для работы

Syn:

employment, occupation, profession

3) общ. работа, рабочее место

to come home from work — вернуться домой с работы

to be at work — быть на работе, работать

to be back to work — вернуться на работу (после увольнения)

Syn:

working place

4)

а) общ. работа, задание, урок

to complete the work — выполнить задание

She took some work home. — Часть работы она брала домой.

б) общ., также мн. работы

roadworks — дорожные работы

construction work — строительные работы

installation works — работы по установке

design works — проектные работы

display works — художественно-оформительские работы, работы по дизайну

joinery works — столярные работы

lapidary works — гранильные работы (по камню)

maintenance work — обслуживание, работы по обслуживанию (машин)

preparatory work — подготовительные работы

sale work — (розничная) торговля, обслуживание в торговле

seasonal work — сезонные работы

field work — полевые работы

Syn:

task

5)

а) общ. работа, продукт, изделие, эффект ( результат деятельности)

the work of God — творение Бога

б) общ. произведение, труд

a work of art — произведение искусства

works of Shakespeare [Beethoven, Michelangelo\] — произведения [творения\] Шекспира [Бетховена, Микеланджело\]

Marx's works — труды Маркса

6)

а) физ. работа

б) тех. работа, действие, функционирование ( машины)

Syn:

operation

7) общ., часто мн. механизм

works of a clock — механизм часов

8) общ., мн. шитье, рукоделие, вышивание

crochet work — вязание крючком ( из ниток кроше); вещь, связанная крючком ( из ниток кроше)

Syn:

fancywork

9)

а) общ. обработка; мастерство, искусство

б) общ. заготовка, обрабатываемая деталь

10)

а) мн., общ. сооружения, постройки

б) мн., общ. завод, фабрика

ironworks — чугунолитейный [металлургический\] завод

gasworks — газовый завод

cement works — цементный завод

asbestos manufacturing works — асбестовый завод

Syn:

plant II 1. 1), factory II 1. 1), mill II 1. 1)

See:

works manager, ex works

в) мн., общ. военные сооружения, оборонительные сооружения, укрепления

г) мн., общ. инженерно-технические сооружения

pump works — насосная станция

Syn:

factory, workshop, plant 1., enterprise 1. 1)
2. гл.
1) общ. работать, трудиться

to work hard — усердно работать

to work on a book — работать над книгой

to work to capacity — работать на полную мощность, работать с полной нагрузкой, выкладываться

2) общ. работать, иметь работу (заниматься профессиональной деятельностью, выполнять трудовые обязанности на определенном рабочем месте)

to work as a business consultant — работать деловым консультантом

to work in education — работать в сфере образования

to work for a large company — работать в крупной компании

actual hours worked — фактически отработанное рабочее время

3) общ. разрабатывать, обрабатывать, культивировать, добывать, производить, эксплуатировать

to work the mines — эксплуатировать шахты

to work the land — обрабатывать землю

to work the soil — обрабатывать почву

Syn:

proceed

treat

4)

а) тех. работать, функционировать (напр., о машинах и механизмах)

Syn:

operate

run

б) тех. приводить в движение [действие\], заводить; управлять; поддерживать работу

to work a machine — управлять станком

5)

а) общ. воздействовать, оказывать действие, убеждать, склонять, влиять, приводить (в какое-л. эмоциональное состояние)

б) общ. волновать, возбуждать, провоцировать

A very enthusiastic man strode to the center of the stage and proceeded to work the crowd into a frenzy. — Полный энтузиазма человек вышел крупным шагом на середину сцены и продолжил приводить толпу в неистовство.

6) общ. конвульсивно двигаться, метаться, биться, сильно волноваться

7) общ. двигаться, передвигаться, продвигаться медленно [тяжело\]

Her eyes worked their way up. — Она подняла глаза.

8) общ. шить, вышивать, заниматься рукоделием

9) общ. обрабатывать, делать, производить, изготовлять, придавать форму, формовать

to work a piece of wood into a statuette — сделать статуэтку из куска дерева

The Egyptians knew how to mine, refine and work iron. — Египтяне знали, как добывать, очищать и обрабатывать железо.
3. прил.
общ. рабочий (предназначенный для работы, используемый во время работы, относящийся к работе)

work book — (рабочая) тетрадь

work horse — рабочая лошадь

work plan — рабочий план

work table — рабочий стол

See:

work hours

* * *
работа, трудовая деятельность.

Англо-русский экономический словарь > work
17 pay

1. I
abs

1) he owes it and must pay он должен /задолжал/ и обязан заплатить; who is paying? кто платит?

2) this work (the business, the shop, farming, this enterprise, etc.) pays (does not pay) эта работа и т.д. (не) окупается / (не) оправдывает себя/; how to make business pay? как сделать предприятие рентабельным?
2. II
1) pay in some manner pay willingly (reluctantly, grudgingly, handsomely, inadequately, punctually, etc.) платить /выплачивать/ охотно и т.д.; pay monthly (annually, etc.) платить /выплачивать/ ежемесячно и т.д.; pay at some time I shall pay soon (at once, next week, etc.) я скоро и т.д. заплачу

2) pay in some manner this work pays well эта работа выгодна; the mine is paying fairly well эта выработка приносит довольно хороший доход
3. III
1) pay smb., smth. pay the dressmaker (the tailor, the workmen, a teacher, the electric light company, etc.) платить портнихе и т.д., расплачиваться с портнихой и т.д.; pay the money (the deposit of t 10, the monthly rent, etc.) платить деньги и т.д.; pay an account (a bill) заплатить по счету, расплатиться; pay one's dues внести взносы; pay debts выплачивать долги; pay one's passage (one's bus fare, etc.) платить за проезд и т.д., оплачивать проезд и т.д.; pay one's college вносить плату за обучение в колледже; pay wages платить /выплачивать/ зарплату; pay a subscription уплатить за подписку; I had to pay an extra five roubles мне надо было доплатить пять рублей; pay damages оплачивать /возмещать/ убытки

2) pay smb., smth. the job does not pay me эта работа невыгодна; the stock pays 4 per cent эти акции дают /приносят/ четыре процента прибыли
4. IV
pay smb. in some manner pay smb. liberally (handsomely, meagerly, grudgingly, etc.) платить кому-л. /расплачиваться с кем-л./ щедро и т.д.; pay smth. in some manner pay smth. promptly (partially, grudgingly, etc.) платить /выплачивать/ что-л. аккуратно и т.д.; pay smb., smth. at some time pay smb. at once немедленно /тут же, сразу же/ заплатить кому-л. /расплатиться с кем-л./; he hasn't paid the doctor yet он еще не заплатил врачу /не расплатился с врачом/
5. V
pay smb. smth. pay smb. the money one owes заплатить кому-л. долг; pay me the money you owe me верни мне долг /деньги, которые ты должен/; pay smb. an annuity выплачивать кому-л. ренту
6. VII
pay smb. to do smth. I pay smb. to mow the lawn (to dig a hole, to baby-sit, etc.) платить кому-л., чтобы он постриг газон и т.д.; they paid him ten pounds to hold his tongue ему заплатили десять фунтов, чтобы он держал язык за зубами; you could not pay me to do that я не сделаю этого ни за какие деньги

2)

it would not pay me to take that job мне не стоит /не имеет смысла/ брать эту работу; it would pay you to be more careful вам не мешало бы быть поосторожнее; does it pay them to employ such a large stuff? выгодно ли им иметь такой большой штат?
7. XI
be paid in some manner he was amply (fabulously) paid ему хорошо (баснословно много) платили; they are generally paid by the distance and not by the time им обычно платят за пройденное расстояние, а не за время; get paid at some time when do you get paid? когда вы получаете зарплату?, когда у вас получка?; get paid for doing smth. do you get paid for baby-sitting? вам платят за то, что вы сидите с ребенком?; be paid at some time we are paid on Fridays мы получаем зарплату по пятницам; when are we going to be paid? когда с нами будут рассчитываться /нам заплатят/?; my subscription is paid to January у меня подписка оплачена до января; freight to be paid before departure [груз] к оплате до отправки (надпись); be paid for the work has been paid for работа уже оплачена; he dislikes to be invited and paid for он терпеть не может, когда его приглашают и за него платят
8. XIII
it pays to do smth. it pays to buy good things есть смысл /стоит/ покупать хорошие вещи; it pays to advertize реклама себя оправдывает; it pays to be polite вежливость окупается сторицей; it does not pay to spend too much money on this work не стоит тратить слишком много денег на эту работу; it doesn't pay to get angry злиться не стоит
9. XVI
pay for smth. pay for the house (for the car, for smb.'s services, for the damage, for the loss, for smb.'s education /schooling/, for board, for a year's subscription, etc.) платить /вносить плату/ за дом и т.д.; he is not paying well for our labour он мало платит за ваш труд; we are paying for the room by the day мы оплачиваем комнату посуточно /поденно/;for one's mistakes (for one's folly, for one's sins, for one's cruelty, for one's idleness, for one's inexperience, etc.) расплачиваться за свои ошибки и т.д.; pay dearly for what one has done дорого заплатить за то, что сделал; he paid for it with his life он поплатился /заплатил/ за это своей жизнью; he paid for his negligence by losing bis situation он потерял работу из-за своей халатности; I'll make him pay for this! он у меня еще за это поплатится!; pay for smb. I shall pay for you я за вас заплачу /расплачусь/; she always pays for herself она всегда платит сама за себя; pay in /by, into/ smth. pay in cash (in ready money, in silver, in kind, etc.) заплатить наличными и т.д.; pay in full (in part) расплачиваться полностью (по частям); you can pay in /by/ instalments вы можете платить /выплачивать/ частями /в рассрочку/; pay in advance заплатить /оплатить/ вперед, заплатить /расплатиться/ заблаговременно; pay into smb.'s account внести деньги на чей-л. счет; pay by cheque оплатить чеком; pay out of smth. pay out of one's own pocket (out of public money, out of the fund, etc.) платить /расплачиваться/ из собственного кармана и т.д.; pay by smth. pay by the hour платить за каждый час, выплачивать почасовые; pay by the year платить [один] раз в год; they pay by the distance (by the time) они платят в зависимости от [пройденного] расстояния (в соответствии с затраченным временем); pay at /in/ smth. pay at the gate (at the turnstile, in the doorway, etc.) платить у ворот и т.д.; pay on smth. pay on delivery оплатить при доставке
10. XVIII
pay for oneself pay for itself окупаться, оправдывать расходы; this machine will pay for itself soon эта машина очень скоро себя окупит /окупится/
11. XXI1
pay smth. for smth. pay a hundred guineas (a lot of money, extra money, too much, etc.) for smth. платить сто гиней и т.д. за что-л.; how much did you pay for your car (for that book, etc.)? сколько вы заплатили за свою машину и т.д.? pay smth. on smth. pay customs duties on imported articles платить пошлину на ввозимые товары; pay interest on public loans платить проценты по займам; pay smth. into smth. pay money into the bank (a sum into your account, taxes into the treasury, etc.) вносить деньги в банк и т.д.; pay smth. with smth. pay a debt with interest вернуть долг с процентами; pay kindness with evil платить злом за добро; pay smth. in smth. pay part of the sum in cash (the rest of the debt in bills, one's debts in four instalments, etc.) заплатить /выплатить/ часть суммы наличными и т.д.; pay smb. in smth. pay smb. in his own coin отплатить кому-л. той же монетой; pay smb. in full полностью расплатиться с кем-л.; pay smb. by smth. pay smb. by the time (by the year, by the hour, etc.) платить кому-л. в зависимости от затраченного времени и т.д.; pay smb., smth. for smth. pay smb. for the work (for his services, for the car, for the painting, etc..) платить кому-л. за работу и т.д.; pay the teacher five dollars for a lesson платить учителю пять долларов за урок; pay smb. for the trouble (for the insults, etc.) отплачивать кому-л. за причиненное беспокойство и т.д.; pay smth. to smb. pay interest to a creditor платить кредитору проценты; pay smth. for smb. he paid five dollars for me он заплатил за меня пять долларов; he paid my debts for me он выплатил мои долги; pay smb. out of smth. pay smb. out of the town funds (out of the public money, out of one's own pocket, etc.) платить кому-л. из городских фондов и т.д. || pay one's respects to smb. засвидетельствовать свое почтение кому-л.; pay a call on smb. наносить визит кому-л.; pay a visit to smb. посещать кого-л.
12. XXIV1
pay smth. as smth. pay some money as expenses for the evening внести определенную сумму на покрытие расходов за вечер
13. XXV
pay as... (when..., etc.) pay as (when) you go in платить при входе

English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > pay
18 participation

1. n

участие

- alternating participation
- business participation
- collective participation
- combined participation
- direct participation
- equity participation
- financial participation
- foreign participation
- individual participation
- inter-company participation
- joint participation
- large-scale participation
- material participation
- nonrecourse participation
- outsider participation
- renewed participation
- strip participation
- worker's participation in management
- participation in an auction
- participation in construction
- participation in an enterprise
- participation in an exhibition
- participation in financing
- participation in profits
- participation in a project
- participation in a show
- participation in tenders
- participation in tests
- participation in an undertaking
- participation in a venture
- with the participation
- offer participation
- withdraw from participation
2. attr.

долевой

English-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > participation

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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Large Enterprise Company

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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Large Enterprise Company

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